He was freed pending appeal of the conviction. OSI did not submit these deposits into evidence and took them as a further indication that Demjanjuk was Ivan the Terrible, though none of the guards mentioned Demjanjuk having been at Treblinka. [99], After Demjanjuk's acquittal, the Israeli Attorney-General decided to release him rather than to pursue charges of committing crimes at Sobibor. The defense argued that Demjanjuk had never been a guard, but that if he had been that he had had no choice in the matter. The Niemann collection includes 49 images from Sobibor, among them photographs that show Nazi camp leaders drinking on a terrace and Niemann, perched on horseback, gazing at the tracks where deportation trains arrived. Vera Demjanjuk, John Demjanjuk's wife, never believed her husband was Ivan the Terrible. [79] Most significantly, Sheftel called Dr. Julius Grant, who had proven that the Hitler diaries were forged. [43] During the trial, Demjanjuk admitted to having lied on his US visa application but claimed that it was out of fear of being returned to the Soviet Union and denied having been a concentration camp guard. [73][74] Four of the survivors who had originally identified Demjanjuk's photograph had died before the trial began. He settled in Seven Hills, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, and worked for many years in a Ford auto plant. He was born in March 1920 in Dobovi Makharyntsi, a village in Vinnitsa Oblast of what was then Soviet Ukraine. These documents placed Demjanjuk at the Sobibor killing center as of March 26, 1943, and at the Flossenbrg concentration camp as of October 1, 1943. [141] Because of the long pauses between trial dates and cancellations caused by the alleged health problems of the defendant and his defense attorney Busch's use of many legal motions, the trial eventually stretched to eighteen months. [87] Demjanjuk was placed in solitary confinement during the appeals process. [107], In February 2002, Judge Matia revoked Demjanjuk's US citizenship. He was transferred to Majdanek concentration camp, where he was disciplined on 18 January 1943. [126] Demjanjuk later won a last-minute stay of deportation, shortly after US immigration agents carried him from his home in a wheelchair to face trial in Germany. On Tuesday, experts speaking at Berlins Topography of Terror museum presented a previously unseen collection of 361 photos that once belonged to Johann Niemann, deputy commander of Sobibor between September 1942 and October 1943. Demjanjuk's denial related both to the supposed operation of a truck's diesel engine by "Ivan the Terrible" for the gas chamber at Treblinka and to the SS's singling out of Ukrainians with experience driving trucks as Trawniki men. While none recognized the name Ivan Demjanjuk, and no survivors of Sobibor identified his photograph, nine survivors of Treblinka identified Demjanjuk as "Ivan the Terrible", so named because of his cruelty as a guard operating the gas chamber at Treblinka. The blood group tattoo was applied by army medics and used by combat personnel in the Waffen-SS and its foreign volunteers and conscripts because they were likely to need blood or give transfusions. Though key to the American government's and the Israeli prosecution's case, the identity card did not place Demjanjuk in Treblinka, but rather as a guard at an SS estate in Okzw, near Chelm in September 1942, and as a guard at the Sobibor killing center from March 1943. A critical piece of evidence was John Demjanjuk's Trawniki camp identification card, located in a Soviet archive. [112] On 3 April 2009, US Immigration Judge Wayne Iskra temporarily stayed Demjanjuk's deportation,[120] but reversed himself three days later, on 6 April. On Tuesday, the United States Holocaust. After Jewish survivors viewing a photo spread identified Demjanjuk as serving at Treblinka near the gas chambers, however, US government officials instead pursued the Treblinka charges. A new show on Netlfix, "Devil Next Door" is about John Demjanjuk. [86], Following closing statements, the defense also submitted the statement of Ignat Danilchenko, information which had been obtained through the US Freedom of Information but had not previously been made available to the defense by OSI. But the search for this Ivan the Terrible has never moved far from Demjanjuk. In September 1993 Demjanjuk was allowed to return to Ohio. [161] On 31 March 2012, it was reported that John Demjanjuk was buried at an undisclosed US location. Demjanjuk had not mentioned Chelm in his initial depositions in the United States, first referring to Chelm during his denaturalization trial in 1981. [89], On 29 July 1993, a five-judge panel of the Israeli Supreme Court overturned the guilty verdict on appeal. [45][46] Five Holocaust survivors from Treblinka identified Demjanjuk as having been at Treblinka and having been "Ivan the Terrible. "[4] Demjanjuk was extradited to Israel in 1986 for trial. [177][178] The photographs are part of a collection of 361 taken by Niemann from his career, with numerous photos from Sobibor. He fought in World War II and was taken prisoner by the Germans in spring 1942. Born in Soviet Ukraine, Demjanjuk was conscripted into the Red Army in 1940. [152], On 12 May 2011, aged91, Demjanjuk was convicted as an accessory to the murder of 28,060Jews at Sobibor killing center and sentenced to five years in prison with two years already served. There he became a United Auto Workers (UAW) diesel engine mechanic at the nearby Ford automobile factory,[30] where a friend from Regensburg had found work. After 16 months of trial, proceedings closed in mid-March 2011. After his original extradition to Israel, Demjanjuk's family had filed a Freedom of Information Act request with the US Department of Justice to obtain access to all investigative files at the OSI that related to Demjanjuk, Trawniki, and Treblinka. In 1999, US prosecutors again sought to deport Demjanjuk for having been a concentration camp guard, and his citizenship was revoked in 2002. [52] Much of the money was raised by a Cleveland-based Holocaust denier Jerome Brentar, who also recommended Demjanjuk's lawyer Mark O'Connor. CLEVELAND, Ohio (WOIO) - John Demjanjuk is at rest in a cemetery near Cleveland. [24] Historian Hans-Jrgen Bmelburg noted in regard to Demjanjuk that Nazi war criminals sometimes tried to evade prosecution after the war by presenting themselves as victims of Nazi persecution, rather than as the perpetrators. On 9 December 2008, a German federal court declared that Demjanjuk could be tried for his role in the Holocaust. [91]The Trawniki certificate also implied that Demjanjuk had served at Sobibor, as did the German orders of March 1943 posting his Trawniki unit to the area. [130], Demjanjuk was deported to Germany, leaving Cleveland, Ohio, on 11 May 2009, to arrive in Munich on 12 May. [150] He would, however, deliver three written declarations to the court that alleged that his prosecution was caused by a conspiracy between the OSI, the World Jewish Congress, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center, while continuing to allege that the KGB had forged the documents used. As a result, in 2002 Demjanjuk again lost his American citizenship, this time for good. In 2015, former Auschwitz guard Oskar Grning was convicted on the same legal argument as Demjanjuk; his conviction was upheld on appeal, solidifying the precedent made by the Demjanjuk case. Demjanjuk worked as a mechanic at Ford's plant in Cleveland. Most of the guards were executed after the war by the Soviets,[93] and their written statements were not obtained by Israeli authorities until 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. [129] The German Administrative Court rejected Demjanjuk's claim on 6 May. Niemann was killed there on 14 October 1943, during a prisoner revolt.[174]. At trial in Israel, Demjanjuk was convicted and sentenced to death by hanging in, what had been admittedly, a show trial focused on young people. [168], The 1989 film Music Box, directed by Costa-Gavras, is based in part on the Demjanjuk case. )[23] Demjanjuk later claimed this was a coincidence, and said that he picked the name "Sobibor" from an atlas owned by a fellow applicant because it had a large Soviet population. In 1988, during one of his trials, Irene, John Jr., and. SS authorities introduced the practice of blood-type tattooing into the Waffen-SS (Military SS) in 1942. As Demjanjuk's appeal made its way to the Israeli Supreme Court, the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991. [170], In 2019, Netflix released The Devil Next Door, a documentary by Israeli filmmakers Daniel Sivan and Yossi Bloch that focuses on Demjanjuk's trial in Israel. John Demjanjuk's Wife, Vera Demjanjuk: 5 Fast Facts | Heavy.com He maintained his innocence, claiming that it was a case of mistaken identity. The Supreme Court upheld the lower court's rulings on the authenticity of the Trawniki card and the falsity of Demjanjuk's alibi but ruled that reasonable doubt existed that Demjanjuk was Ivan the Terrible. Following a lengthy investigation and a 1981 trial, the US District Federal Court in Cleveland stripped Demjanjuk of his US citizenship. The investigation charged that OSI had ignored evidence indicating that Demjanjuk was not Ivan the Terrible, uncovered an internal OSI memo that questioned the case against Demjanjuk. After five more years of litigation, the District Court in Cleveland restored Demjanjuk's US citizenship on February 20, 1998, but without prejudice, leaving the option open for OSI to proceed with a new case based on new evidence. [58] In April 1985, he was detained and held at United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. The video, shot in Demjanjuk's living room, showed a smiling John Demjanjuk playing with a grandchild born during the trial . Life Without Father - Cleveland Magazine [25], Demjanjuk found a job as a driver in a displaced persons camp in the Bavarian city of Landshut, and was subsequently transferred to camps in other southern German cities, until ending up in Feldafing near Munich in May 1951. Federal investigators never forgot, and after Demjanjuk returned to the U.S. after the Supreme Court decision, they investigated his claim that he was too ill to go to Germany where he had been newly indicted. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. But the trove of images, which was released by Niemanns descendants and will now join the collection of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, undoubtedly holds significance beyond Demjanjuks case. [49] The defense also submitted the statement of Feodor Fedorenko, a Ukrainian guard at Treblinka, which stated that Fedorenko could not recall having seen Demjanjuk at Treblinka. She said that John always worried about her and their children. While interviews with Demjanjuk's family portray him as an innocent family man unfairly maligned, the evidence against him is haunting. John Demjanjuk's defense claimed that the card was a Soviet-inspired forgery, despite several forensic tests that verified it as authentic. [108] The United States Supreme Court declined to hear his appeal in November 2004.[109]. It chose to investigate the names as leads. On May 12, 2011, Demjanjuk was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison. Demjanjuk appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, which on 30 April 2004 ruled that Demjanjuk could be again stripped of his US citizenship because the Justice Department had presented "clear, unequivocal and convincing evidence" of Demjanjuk's service in Nazi death camps. Demjanjuk instead claimed to have been a German prisoner who completed forced labor. Since the earlier witnesses were now deceased, the Munich court accepted that survivor testimony be read into the proceeding to facilitate findings of mass murder and determine the identity and citizenship of many of the victims. [164][165] On 11 September 2012, the court denied Demjanjuk's request to have the appeal reheard en banc by the full court. In Israel, he was convicted of being Ivan the Terrible, a conviction that was later overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court. When asked to identify Demjanjuk in the courtroom, however, Nagorny was unable to, stating "That's definitely not him no resemblance. Based on eyewitness testimony by Holocaust survivors in Israel, he was identified as the notorious Treblinka extermination camp guard known as "Ivan the Terrible. On 28 December 2005, an immigration judge ordered Demjanjuk deported to Germany, Poland or Ukraine. #ECtHR backs #Germanys refusal to reimburse legal expenses of #Sobibr extermination camp guard John #Demjanjuk rejects #ECHR complaint from widow & son https://t.co/wLvIf1PPuu pic.twitter.com/9I7eFtV1qX, Council of Europe (@coe) January 24, 2019. Demjanjuk was convicted by a Munich court in 2011. John Demjanjuk - Wikipedia Media related to John Demjanjuk at Wikimedia Commons. [173] In 2019, German prosecutors charged guards at a concentration camp as opposed to a death camp on the same rationale for the first time: former Stutthof concentration camp guards Johann Rehbogen and Bruno Dey[de]. CLEVELAND There is a new show on Netlfix that you may have heard of called "Devil Next Door." It is about John Demjanjuk, a local autoworker accused of being a Nazi death camp criminal. "[85], Demjanjuk further claimed that in 1944 he was drafted into an anti-Soviet Russian military organization, the Russian Liberation Army (Vlasov Army), funded by the Nazi German government, until the surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies in 1945. 19 News is not saying where for fear it could become a lightning rod for protests or vandalism. All rights reserved. John Demjanjuk's family raises concerns over Netflix documentary Now, a photo has emerged from the Nazi death camp at Sobibor, a camp where John Demjanjuk was accused of serving. [171], Demjanjuk's conviction for accessory to murder solely on the basis of having been a guard at a concentration camp set a new legal precedent in Germany. [20] OSI was unable to establish Demjanjuk's whereabouts from December 1944 to the end of the war. [62], Demjanjuk's trial took place in the Jerusalem District Court between 26 November 1986 and 18 April 1988, before a special tribunal comprising Israeli Supreme Court Judge Dov Levin and Jerusalem District Court Judges Zvi Tal and Dalia Dorner. Two of the images probably show Demjanjuk, said historian Martin Cueppers, as quoted by Reuters Madeline Chambers. They did, however, consistently refer to an Ivan Marchenko, who had served as a gas motor operator at Treblinka from the summer of 1942 until the prisoner uprising in 1943, and who had stood out as a particularly cruel police auxiliary, perpetrating acts that were consistent with the memory of the Jewish Treblinka survivors. The evidence placing him at Sobibor was consistent with the information on Demjanjuk's Trawniki identification card and with Danil'chenko's testimony. On 19 May 2008, the US Supreme Court denied Demjanjuk's petition for certiorari, declining to hear his case against the deportation order. With this new evidence, the OSI team had also developed a more thoroughly documented understanding of the importance of the Trawniki camp during the Holocaust as well as the process of how camp authorities made personnel assignments. In 1988, during one of his trials, Irene, John Jr., and his wife Vera walked onto the stage and yelled at the prosecutors, telling them that they were all liars. On 18 August 1993, the court rejected the petitions on the grounds that, During the trial, the prosecution argued that Demjanjuk should be tried for crimes at Sobibor; however, Justice Aharon Barak was not convinced, stating, "We know nothing about him at Sobibor". The trials of John Demjanjuk have attracted global media attention for three decades. Nevertheless, blood-type tattooing was never consistently implemented. It is Ivan from Treblinka, from the gas chambers, the man I am looking at now." [166], In early June 2012, Ulrich Busch, Demjanjuk's attorney, filed a complaint with Bavarian prosecutors claiming that the pain medication Novalgin (known in the US as metamizole or dipyrone) that had been administered to Demjanjuk helped lead to his death. Its investigation reduced the list to nine individuals, including Demjanjuk. [138], Doctors restricted the time Demjanjuk could be tried in court each day to two sessions of 90 minutes each, according to Munich State Prosecutor Anton Winkler. What The Devil Next Door on Netflix doesn't tell you - Digital Spy [143] The prosecution also produced orders to a man identified as Demjanjuk to go to Sobibor and other records to show that Demjanjuk had served as a guard there. John Demjanjuk: Prosecution of A Nazi Collaborator In 1952 they emigrated to the United States. The prosecution charged that he was the Treblinka killing center guard known to prisoners as Ivan the Terrible, and that he had operated and maintained the diesel engine used to pump carbon monoxide fumes into the Treblinka gas chambers. Just before he was sent to Germany, 19 News saw the same thing. The US extradited him to Israel, where his conviction as Ivan the Terrible at the Treblinka killing center was reversed on appeal. But an investigation conducted in the 1990s by the US Office of Special Investigations found this to be a cover story. His. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. [112][113] The Supreme Court's denial of review meant that the order of removal was final; no other appeal was possible. In 1988, Demjanjuk was convicted and sentenced to death. The prosecution called expert witnesses to testify on the authenticity of the card including its signatures by various Nazi officers, paper, and ink. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Prior to the Sobibor Perpetrator Collections unveiling, experts had never found any photographic evidence placing Demjanjuk at Sobibor, creating a gap in knowledge that accounts for the newly released images significance. He was married to Vera Demjanjuk and they had three children while he lived in the United States: John Jr., Irene, and Lydia. Danil'chenko had stated that he knew Demjanjuk from their service together in Sobibor and at the Flossenbrg concentration camp until 1945. The case had begun as an investigation into the Sobibor camp, due to Demjanjuk's alleged service at that killing center and to the testimony of a Soviet witness named Ignat' Danil'chenko in the late 1940s. John Demjanjuk in 2010. "I say it unhesitatingly, without the slightest shadow of a doubt. On 14 November 1958, Demjanjuk became a naturalized citizen of the United States and legally changed his name from Ivan to John. [149], Demjanjuk declined to testify or make a final statement during the trial. Based primarily on the survivor identifications, the Israeli court convicted John Demjanjuk and, on April 25, 1988, sentenced him to death, only the second time that an Israeli court had imposed capital punishment upon a convicted defendant (the first being Eichmann). Vera yelled: Youre a liar! [123], On 14 April 2009, immigration agents removed Demjanjuk from his home in preparation for deportation. They believe the collection includes two photos showing Demjanjuk with fellow guards at the camp, which would be the first documentary evidence to conclusively establish he had served there. US officials had originally been aware, without informing Demjanjuk's attorneys, of the testimony of two of these German guards. meaning "Terrible" in Polish and Russian. Demjanjuks citizenship was ultimately rescinded, and in 1986, he was extradited to Israel to stand trial. [134] The indictment made almost no mention of Demjanjuk's service at Majdanek or Flossenbrg, as these were not extermination camps. Testimony by Holocaust Survivors John Demjanjuk. On 1 May 2009, the Sixth Circuit lifted the stay that it had imposed against Demjanjuk's deportation order. | In 1993 the verdict was overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court, based on new evidence that cast reasonable doubt over his identity as "Ivan the Terrible. [97] Simon Wiesenthal, an iconic figure in Nazi-hunting, first believed Demjanjuk was guilty, but after Demjanjuk's acquittal by the Israeli Supreme Court, said he also would have cleared him given the new evidence. [128] Demjanjuk sued Germany on 30 April 2009, to try to block the German government's agreement to accept Demjanjuk from the US. [151], On 15 January 2011, Spain requested a European arrest warrant be issued for Nazi war crimes against Spaniards; the request was refused for a lack of evidence. Demjanjuk, then 67 years old, testified on his own behalf, claiming that he had spent most of the war as a POW in German captivity in a camp near Chelm, Poland. [41] Why are we so obsessed with John Demjanjuk? - The Forward David van Huiden, whose parents and sister were murdered in Sobibor while Demjanjuk was there, said the verdict meant. [19], Demjanjuk would later claim to have been drafted into the Russian Liberation Army in 1944. There is no evidence that POWs trained as police auxiliaries at Trawniki were required to receive such tattoos, although it was an option for those that volunteered. [61] Demjanjuk was deported to Israel on 28 February 1986. [34] Hanusiak claimed that Demjanjuk had been a guard at Sobibor concentration and death camp. As US authorities moved to deport Demjanjuk, the Israeli government requested his extradition. [80] He also called Dutch psychologist Willem Albert Wagenaar, who testified to flaws in the method by which Treblinka survivors had identified Demjanjuk as Ivan the Terrible. Based on eyewitness testimony by Holocaust survivors in Israel, he was identified as the notorious Treblinka extermination camp guard known as "Ivan the Terrible." [4] Demjanjuk was extradited to Israel in 1986 for trial. [153][154][155][156] Presiding Judge Ralph Alt ordered Demjanjuk released from custody pending his appeal, as he did not appear to pose a flight-risk. Cookie Settings, Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. [158], John Demjanjuk died at a home for the elderly in Bad Feilnbach, Germany on 17 March 2012, aged 91. In late September 2019, a Vera Demjanjuk of Ohio passed away. In 1993 the verdict was overturned. [T]his is a piece of hard evidence, and there was not a lot of hard evidence at Demjanjuks trial, said Hajo Funke, a historian at Berlins Free University, per the Los Angeles Times. Demjanjuk died in a nursing home in Germany in 2012, age 91, while awaiting the appeal of his German conviction as accessory to the murder of 29,000 innocent civilians Jewish men, women and. 'The Devil Next Door': What Happened To John Demjanjuk? | True Crime Buzz . Moreover, after Demjanjuk's extradition to Israel, investigators at the OSI, while reviewing original personnel and administrative records from Flossenbrg, found references to Demjanjuk's name linked to his Trawniki military identification number (1393), thus independently corroborating Danil'chenko's testimony that Demjanjuk served at Flossenbrg. [78] During the trial, Demjanjuk was again identified on the photo spread by Otto Horn, a former German SS guard at Treblinka. John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demjanjuk; Ukrainian: '; 3 April 1920 17 March 2012) was a Ukrainian-American who served as a Trawniki man and Nazi camp guard at Sobibor extermination camp, Majdanek, and Flossenbrg[2] Demjanjuk became the center of global media attention in the 1980s, when he was tried and convicted in Israel after being misidentified as Ivan the Terrible, a notoriously cruel watchman at Treblinka extermination camp. The existence of scars from an SS tattoo, particularly given confusion in popular culture between the blood-type tattoo (mandatory) and the SS-rune tattoo (voluntary), misled prosecutors both in the United States and Israel as to its significance. The authorities at Trawniki issued such documents to men detailed to guard detachments outside the camp. The existence of these statements alone, however, created sufficient reasonable doubt that Demjanjuk ever served at Treblinka, moving the Israeli Supreme Court to overturn Demjanjuk's conviction on July 29, 1993, without prejudice, signifying that the Israeli prosecution could choose to try Demjanjuk on charges related to other crimes. John Demjanjuks Wife, Vera Demjanjuk: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know, Copyright 2023 Heavy, Inc. All rights reserved. Vera was 86 when John died at the age of 91. In the summer of 1991, an OSI investigator searching in the Lithuanian National Archives in Vilnius for documentation related to a Lithuanian police battalion found by chance a document that placed Demjanjuk as a member of a Trawniki-trained guard detachment stationed at the Majdanek concentration camp between November 1942 and early March 1943. None of them identified Demjanjuk as having served at Treblinka. On Demjanjuk's return to Seven Hills after the acquittal, the family gave Mike Conway, then a reporter for WJW-TV in Cleveland, the exclusive right to broadcast images of Demjanjuk back in the bosom of his loving family. [67] On 19 May 1999, the Justice Department filed a complaint against Demjanjuk to seek his denaturalization. "[148] As Nagorny had previously identified Demjanjuk from his US visa application photo, his inability to recognize Demjanjuk in the courtroom was seen as unimportant. It was the first televised trial in Israeli history. Cookie Policy [98] In Ukraine, Demjanjuk was viewed as a national hero and received a personal invitation to return to Ukraine by then-president Leonid Kravchuk. John Demjanjuk, Accused as a Nazi Guard, Dies at 91 - New York Times Upon his arrival, he was arrested and sent to Munich's Stadelheim prison. Demjanjuk appealed the deportation order on various grounds, including the argument that, given his age and poor health, deportation would constitute torture against which he was seeking protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture. Investigations of Demjanjuk's Holocaust-era past began in 1975. By Robert D. McFadden. [74] Asked by the prosecution if he recognized Demjanjuk, Rosenberg asked that the defendant remove his glasses "so I can see his eyes." He was. The photographs were published on 28 January 2020 in the book Fotos aus Sobibor ("Photos from Sobibor"). They also gained an additional identification of the visa photo as Demjanjuk by Otto Horn, a former SS guard at Treblinka. (Other reports say they have seven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.). Demjanjuk subsequently requested political asylum in the United States rather than deportation. [7][8] On 12 May 2011, he was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison. [92], The judge's acquittal of Demjanjuk for being Ivan the Terrible was based on the written statements of 37former guards at Treblinka that identified Ivan the Terrible as "Ivan Marchenko". Such a proceeding became possible upon the discovery of internal Trawniki training camp personnel correspondence in the Archives of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in Moscow. Copyright 2020 WOIO. Demjanjuk immigrated to the United States in 1952 and became a naturalized US citizen in 1958. [137] Busch also alleged that the trial violated the principle of double jeopardy due to the previous trial in Israel. "[57], In October 1983, Israel issued an extradition request for Demjanjuk to stand trial on Israeli soil under the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law of 1950 for crimes allegedly committed at Treblinka.
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