According to one report, the Canadian town of Port Dover is the home of the lake's largest fishing fleet.[32]. [32], During the War of 1812, Oliver Hazard Perry captured an entire British fleet in 1813[36] near Put-in-Bay, Ohio, despite having inferior numbers. [128] They are preserved because the water is cold and salt-free. [28] Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great Lakes because the ice was relatively thin and lacked erosion power when it reached that far south, according to one view. [81], Algae blooms continued in early 2013, but new farming techniques, climate change and even a change in Lake Erie's ecosystem make phosphorus pollution more intractable. Is Cleveland Ohio near Pennsylvania? So make sure you click on the "Book" to see, Don't forget, "The Looper's Companion Guide" is a huge, For those with a very shallow draft (3-feet or less) there is a 'Big Bend route' that while it keeps you, Cruising the Tennessee River on America's Great Loop. grab on both ends, tank until snap, takes depth samples, messenger closes sample in the tube. We will now prove that this is the smallest possible distance. [101] Jones filed the misdemeanor charges in district court, alleging violations of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act.[102]. The Port Burwell Provincial Park has 2.5 kilometers of beach. Opens Probe Here on Pollution" The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970", "REF 52 U.S. Jury Indicts CEI on Ash Dumping in Lake" by Brian Williams, The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970", "Press Conference Attorney General John Mitchell 12-18-1970", "REF 53 "Charges J&L With Pollution" (AP) The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 31st, 1970", "Mystery lurks in Lake Erie: E. coli pollution has closed beaches the past two summers; experts can't determine where it comes from or how to stop it", Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story, "Rep. Marcy Kaptur says Lake Erie has more native fish than all other Great Lakes combined", "Fishing: Meet the burbot: The freshwater cod are running, but night fishing at Lake Erie can be brutally cold", "Here's Proof Lake Erie's Alive And Well", "Mussel Mess A Heavy Burden For Lake Erie", "Legend of Lake Erie Monster Rises Again", "Lake Erie fishermen suing government over quotas", "Looking ahead to 2009 (and '10): New plan to stock trout in Erie steelhead streams", "Feeding Frenzy: Lake Erie Is Awash In Hungry Walleye", "Officials: 1 dead, 134 rescued from Lake Erie ice", "Well-trod Chautauqua-Lake Erie Wine Trail features explosion of wineries", "Sample Canada's finest wine by visiting its exquisite graperies", Lake County Ohio Business and Personal Directory, "Lake Erie shipwrecks, well-preserved by fresh water, are favorites among divers", "Archaeologists surveying Lake Erie floor for shipwrecks", "Lake Erie Journal; A Dive to Solve a Treasure Mystery", "Lake Erie Search Ends For Missing Fisherman", "Western Pa. These trails became primitive roads which were eventually paved. Canadians near Leamington and Kingsville have organized protest groups to thwart attempts to bring wind turbines to the lake; reasons against the turbines include spoiling lake views. [17] The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85F (29C) limit necessary to keep the plants cool. It opened up the West to settlers and offered an inexpensive way to . Heavy lake-effect snowfalls can occur when cold air travels 60 miles (97km) or longer over a large unfrozen lake. [39] Another concern had been that pollution in the lake, as well as toxins found inside fish, were working against commercial fishing interests. [32] During the 19th century, ships could enter the Buffalo River and travel the Erie Canal eastward to Albany then south to New York City along the Hudson River. [135] In southern Michigan, Sterling State Park has campgrounds, 1,300 acres (530ha) for hiking, biking, fishing, boating, with a sand beach for sunbathing, swimming, and picnicking. Our route across the Gulf ICW is 271-miles from Mobile to Carrabelle, FL. Lake Erie (/ri/ "eerie") is the fourth largest lake by surface area of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. The day began with fishermen setting down wooden pallets to create a bridge over a crack in the ice so they could roam farther out on the lake. The port at Toledo, Ohio, handles soft-coal shipments, and Buffalo is an important grain port. It is located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles (100 kilometers) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . Because of its small size and shallow character, the lake has a comparatively short water-retention time of 2.6 years. "I was afraid to inquire where (Canada) was, lest it would betray such a degree of ignorance as to excite suspicion at once." CLEVELAND, Ohio -- You can't see across Lake Erie to Canada. "[23], Commercial fishing is now predominantly based in Canadian communities, with a much smaller fisherylargely restricted to yellow perchin Ohio. [112], There have been concerns about rising levels of mercury in walleye fish; a study by the Canadian Ministry of the Environment noted an "increasing concentration trend" but that concentrations were within acceptable limits established by authorities in Pennsylvania. Competition between commercial and sport fishermen: an ecological analysis. [81] It kills fish and microscopic creatures of the lake's food chain and fouls the water, and may cause further problems in later years for sport and commercial fishing. However, there are reports that some Canadian commercial fishermen are dissatisfied with fishing quotas and have sued the government about this matter, and there have been complaints that the legislative body writing the quotas is dominated by the U.S. and that sport fishing interests are favored at the expense of commercial fishing interests. The most popular two options give you a choice of cruising through Canada or remaining in the US. In a 2009 incident, warming temperatures, winds of 35 miles per hour (56km/h) and currents pushing eastward dislodged a miles-wide ice floe which broke away from the shore, trapping more than 130 fishermen offshore; one man died while the rest were rescued by helicopters or boats.[123]. The combination of overfishing and the eutrophication of the lake by pollution caused the population to collapse, and in the mid-1980s, the blue walleye was declared extinct. The lake has since become clean enough to allow sunlight to infiltrate its water and produce algae and sea weed, but a dead zone persists. In 1998, this was the shortest signed interstate at 0.72 miles. Management of the fishery is by consensus of all management agencies with an interest in the resource and work under the mandate of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Lake Erie islands tend to be in the westernmost part of the lake and have different characters. One recent account suggests that the seasonal algae blooms in Lake Erie were possibly caused by runoff from cities, fertilizers, zebra mussels, and livestock near water. 2,092 miles is the shortest distance from the East Coast to the West Coast. serving over 3800 destinations across North America, Mexico and Canada. [144], There have been sporadic reports of people in Cleveland being able to see the Canadian shoreline as if it were immediately offshore, even though Canada is 50 miles (80km) from Cleveland. [78], An ongoing concern is that nutrient overloading from fertilizers, human and animal waste, known as eutrophication, in which additional nitrogen and phosphorus enter the lake, will cause plant life to "run wild and multiply like crazy". Stone Laboratory was donated to the Ohio State University by Julius Stone in 1925 as part of the university's Ohio Sea Grant College Program. [117] Cuts of 30 to 45 percent for certain fish were made in 2007. [91] These insects were a sign of Lake Erie's move back to health, since the mayflies require clean water to thrive. A large lowland basin formed over two million years ago as a result of an eastern flowing river that existed well before the Pleistocene ice ages. The tribal name "erie" is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan, meaning "long tail". [20][21] The region around the lake is known as the "thunderstorm capital of Canada" with "breathtaking" lightning displays. [29], At the time of European contact, there were several Indigenous peoples living around the shores of the eastern end of the lake. [77] The shore of the lake is also host to invasive species of the Phragmites reed. [56] A report in Time magazine in 1969 described the lake as a "gigantic cesspool" since only three of 62 beaches were rated "completely safe for swimming".[56]. Even in the coldest winters, there are dangerous patches of thin ice. From there it is just a short walk to the southernmost point on mainland Canada jutting deep into Lake Erie. [61], The effects of the warmer lake water is reduced when the lake freezes over. Find the shortest routes between multiple stops and get times and distances for your work or a road trip. This frictional convergence creates lift and enhances snowfall. Do Eric benet and Lisa bonet have a child together? [65] In past years, lake ice was so thick that it was possible to drive over it or go sailing on iceboats. What kind of an answer is that. The lake is 388 kilometers long from east to west and 92 kilometers wide from north to south. [23] In the pre-Civil War years, railways sprouted everywhere, and around 1852 there were railways circling the lake. It has a mean elevation of 174 meters above sea level. [113] Because of the threat of PCBs, It was recommended, that persons eat no more than one walleye meal per month. [145], The lake has been a shipping lane for maritime vessels for centuries. The Lake Erie sections of western New York have a suitable climate for growing grapes, and there are many vineyards and wineries in Chautauqua County and Erie County. What is the shortest distance across Lake Erie from Canada to Ohio?. McFarland. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 4/4/2023), Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/26/2023). One estimate was that there have been 180 invasive species in the Great Lakes, some having traveled in ballast water in international ships. The park is renowned for biodiversity and birding, plus beaches. It is 207 miles from the Ohio River to Pickwick Landing Lock and Dam - 8, Your distance on the Tennessee-Tombigbee to Mobile Bay 234 miles. Due to the international boundary and the distance to Hudson Bay, the shortest distance to the Atlantic is through Minnesota to Lake Superior. You can do this! In Summer - We are in the North headed west: You will have several options when you reach the Erie Canal. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include Grand River, Huron River, Maumee River, Sandusky River, Buffalo River, and Cuyahoga River. (Well, occasionally, on hot spring days a temperature inversion allows you to see a hazy image of land, 50 miles across the water.). It stretches from Waterford, NY to the Upper Niagara River between Buffalo and Niagara Falls. [48] In 1913, a memorial to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry was built on Put-in-Bay island featuring a Doric column. Like the other Great Lakes, Erie produces lake-effect snow when the first cold winds of winter pass over the warm waters. Recommendations were made for reducing point source outflows, as well as reducing farm contributions of phosphorus by changing fertilizer usage, employing no-till farming and other conservative practices. The major axis of the lake extends from west-southwest to east-northeast for 241 miles (388 km), and the lake has a maximum width of 57 miles. It would take you about a week or so to get there at 60 miles an hour. It is the shallowest of the Great Lakes with an average depth of 10 fathoms 3 feet or 63ft (19m)[7] and a maximum depth of 35 fathoms (210ft; 64m)[7][8] Because Erie is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes,[16] and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool. [32] In Ontario's Sand Hill Park, east of Port Burwell, there is a 450-foot (140m) high dune which people climb for picturesque views of the lake. Along the way, it ran through rural areas of Waterloo County, Brant County . [30] The name may also come from the word eri, meaning "cherry tree". [107] The change toward cleaner water has been in a positive direction since the 1970s. [56] Federal officials acted as well: the United States Congress passed the Clean Water Act of 1972,[98][103] and the United States and Canada established water pollution limits in an international water quality agreement. [32] Europeans named the tribe the Neutral Indians since these people refused to fight with other tribes. Apple orchards are abundant in northeast Ohio to western New York. [141][142], The lake is dotted by distinct lighthouses. Each distance is along the shortest route that safe navigation permits between the two ports concerned. Anglers target walleye and yellow perch, with some effort directed at rainbow trout. Navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. [115][144] There were reports in 1990 of people seeing a "large creature moving in the water about 1,000 feet (300m) from their boat" described as black in color, about 35 feet (11m) long, with a snakelike head, and moving as fast as a boat. After being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. In western Pennsylvania, a wildlife reserve was established in 1991 in Springfield Township for hiking, fishing, cross-country skiing and walking along the beach. There were incidents of the oily surfaces of tributary rivers emptying into Lake Erie catching fire: in 1969, Cleveland's Cuyahoga River erupted in flames,[98] chronicled in a Time magazine article which lamented a tendency to use rivers flowing through major cities as "convenient, free sewers";[56] the Detroit River caught fire on another occasion. [130][131] One account suggests 130 people drowned[130] while another suggests about 20 drowned. The clearing of the water column is partly the result of the introduction and rapid spread of zebra mussels from Europe, which had the effect of covering the lake bottom, with each creature filtering a liter of fresh water each day, helping to restore the lake to a cleaner state. Both the US & Canadian routes are exceptional: Beginning at Waterford, the USA route through the full length of the historic Erie Canal, this route also takes you along the southern shores (US side), Each travel day and destination is numbered. [111] In 1984, Ohio sold 27,000 nonresident fishing permits, and sport fishing was described as big business. [111] Not all walleyes thrived. [32], Since the border between the two nations is largely unpatrolled, it is possible for people to cross undetected from one country to the other, in either direction, by boat. Attempts failed to stock coho salmon, and its numbers are dwindling. [138] In 2008, 14-year-old Jade Scognamillo swam from New York's Sturgeon Point to Ontario's Crystal Beach and completed the 11.9-mile (19.2-km) swim in five hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds, and became the youngest swimmer to make the crossing. U.S. Route 30 west of Delphos, Ohio, and U.S. Route 20 west of Norwalk and east of Cleveland were formed in this manner. [14] As of the 2010s, much of the phosphorus in the lake comes from fertilizer applied to no-till soybean and corn fields but washed into streams by heavy rains. [91] Sometimes the clouds of mayflies have caused power outages[92] and roads to become slippery with squashed insects. Along its north shore is one of the richest areas of Canada's fruit and vegetable production; this southernmost tip, particularly in the area around Leamington, is known as Canada's "tomato capital". [115] Five other people reported seeing something similar on three separate occasions, but there is no scientific evidence of such a creature. With a mean surface height of 570 feet (170 metres) above sea level, Erie has the smallest mean depth (62 feet) of the Great Lakes, and its deepest point is 210 feet. [128] One estimate is that Lake Erie has a quarter of all 8,000 estimated shipwrecks in the Great Lakes. In Spring - We cruise north on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway: Officially, the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway begins at Mile 0 in Norfolk, VA and ends at Mile 1,243 in Key West, FL for a total AICW distance of 1,243-. It is even possible to build bonfires on the ice. As cold air flows over the warm water, the lake warms and moistens the air. [32] In this area there are many greenhouses which produce a "variety of tropical plants rarely cultivated so far north", including some species of cacti, because of the lake's tempering effect. Strong winds have caused lake currents to shift sediment on the bottom, leading to shifting sandbars that have been the cause of shipwrecks. [26] Meanwhile, at the western end of the lake, Toledo experienced a similar drop in water level. From Cairo, you, If you take the Tenn-Tom route, your Great Loop distance on this river is only about 48 miles, but it's all against the current of the, Your Great Loop distance on the Cumberland River & Lake Barkley to the Tennessee River is an optional 33 miles. [14] Since there are fewer wetlands to filter nutrients, as well as greater channelization of waterways, nutrients in water can cause algal blooms to sprout as well as "low-oxygen dead zones" in a complex interaction of natural forces. [76], Environmentalists and biologists study lake conditions via installations such as the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory on Gibraltar Island. As such, it's the start in many marathon swims across the lake. [130] It had sunk in 1852 after a collision with the steamship Ogdensburg, six miles (9.7km) west of Long Point, Ontario, and survivors from Atlantic were saved by the crew of Ogdensburg. [70][71] The notion that bird and bat migration may be hurt by the wind turbines has been used to argue against the wind turbines as well. Berkes, F. 1984. Check out the video above as Greg Dee explains how it all works. [20], In 1669, Frenchman Louis Jolliet was the first documented European to sight Lake Erie, although there is speculation that tienne Brl may have come across it in 1615. The Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway (by the. Lake Erie was carved out by glacier ice[6] and in its current form is less than 4,000 years old, which is a short span in geological terms. The propeller was reclaimed days before being converted to scrap metal and brought back to the dive site. In Winter - We should all be on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and/or in Florida: Obviously, the most comfortable winter weather will be. The Ontario fishery is one of the most intensively managed in the world. [55], During the 20th century, commercial fishing was prevalent but so was the boom in manufacturing industry around the lake, and often rivers and streams were used as sewers to flush untreated sewage which ended up in the lake. Some of them include: Kayaking has become more popular along the lake, particularly in places such as Put-in-Bay, Ohio. [19] The 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement significantly reduced the dumping and runoff of phosphorus into the lake. One report suggests that battling between diverse fishing interests began around Lake Michigan and evolved to cover the entire Great Lakes region. The largest city on the lake is Cleveland, anchoring the third largest U.S. metro area in the Great Lakes region, after Greater Chicago and Metro Detroit. [128] One charter firm from western New York State takes about 1,500 divers to Lake Erie shipwrecks in a typical season from April through October.[128]. He swam the most common route, 24.3 miles from a peninsula known as Long Point, Ontario, to Freeport Beach near Erie, Pa. [36] In 2007, the wreck of the steamship named after "Mad" Anthony Wayne was found near Vermilion, Ohio, in 50 feet (15m) of water; the vessel sank in 1850 after its boilers exploded, and 38 people died. Joint U.S.Canadian agreements pushed 600 of 864 major industrial dischargers to meet requirements for keeping the water clean. State of Ohio, Division of Geological Survey, Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. [21] Sometimes fierce waves springing up unexpectedly have led to dramatic rescues; in one instance, a Cleveland resident trying to measure the dock near his house became trapped but was rescued by a fire department diver from Avon Lake, Ohio: In a tug of war against the waves, the two were finally hauled out by rope. [56] Sometimes poorly constructed sanitary systems meant that when old pipes broke, raw sewage would spill directly into the Cuyahoga River and into the lake. The cheapest way to get from Cincinnati to Lake Erie costs only $57, and the quickest way takes just 9 hours. Want to know how many days "on average" cruising at the recommended "Looper, America's Great Loop is truly a magnificent adventure. [99] It was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area. [36] Most wrecks are undiscovered but believed to be well preserved and at most 200 feet (61m) below the water surface. . [19] Long-distance swimmers have swum across the lake to set records; for example, a 15-year-old amputee swam the 12-mile (19km) stretch across the lake in 2001. [124] The Canadian region of Lake Erie's north shore is becoming a more prominent wine region as well; it has been dubbed the Lake Erie North Shore, or LENS region, and includes Pelee Island,[125] and since it is farther north than comparable wine-growing areas in the world, the length of the days in the summer are longer. [139] In Port Dover, Ontario, swimmers do high-dives at the annual "Polar Bear Swim" on the beach. [91] Each is 1.5 inches (38mm) long; the three main species of mayflies are Ephemera simulans, Hexagenia rigida and Hexagenia limbata. Point Pelee is the southernmost point on the Canadian mainland. Generally there is heavy traffic on the lake except during the winter months from January through March when ice prevents vessels from traveling safely. He neared the Canada shore a little below Long Point he was accordingly driven towards Buffalo Night was drawing on and it became apparent that he could not, with this current, get away from the water before dark, and after nightfall it would not be safe to come down. Junction Points These are positions where two or more routes converge; they are indicated by magenta CAPITAL LETTERS in the tables. A veteran of numerous. Wiki User 2009-10-26 14:34:33 This answer is: Study guides More answers Chris. Ontario's Southwest sent us a few photos of the north shore of our Great Lake. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 m) deep. [39] But since high levels of pollution were discovered in the 1960s and 1970s, there has been continued debate over the desired intensity of commercial fishing. The first European to see Lake Erie, when the Iroquois inhabited the region, was probably the French Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet in 1669, although some credit the Frenchman tienne Brl with its exploration as early as 1615. [126] A longer growing season because of the lake-moderated temperatures make the risk of early frosts less likely. Mr. Mob: The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz. Steel Winds, a former steel mill site in Buffalo, has been developed as an urban wind farm housing 14 turbines capable of generating up to 35 megawatts of electricity. It is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) long and is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) across at its widest point. To call it a journey or even a voyage just doesn't quite seem to do it justice. [132] In addition, there are wrecks of smaller vessels, with occasional drownings of fishermen. [49] Occasionally there have been mass die-offs of certain species of fish, sometimes for reasons unknown, such as many numbers of rainbow smelt in May 2010. [7][25] Lake Erie's water level fluctuates with the seasons as in the other Great Lakes. In 2007, one estimate of the total market for fishing in the Great Lakes, including commercial and recreational fishing, was $4billion annually. Port Stanley has a pier, shops, restaurants and a blue flag beach -- plus this very photogenic stretch of cottages. [132] The wreck belongs to the state of Ohio, and salvaging it is illegal, but divers can visit. "I went out to the shore of the lake again and again, to try and see the other side, but I could see no hill, mountain, nor city of the asylum I sought," he once told an interviewer. Want to know all the fabulous places you can go in your own boat? Among the diving community, they are considered world class, offering opportunities to visit an underwater museum that most people will never see. [93] One account suggests that bird populations are in trouble, notably the wood warbler, which had population declines around 60% in 2008. [56] Clevelanders approved a bond issue by 2 to 1 to upgrade Cleveland's sewage system. The industrial economy of the lakeshore area depends heavily upon water transportation. The nationally protected land sticks out 42 kilometers into Lake Erie, and it holds more endangered species per-capita than the rest of Canada. 54 miles What country is near Pennsylvania? What are the qualities of an accurate map? The cheapest way to get from Erie to Canada costs only $73, and the quickest way takes just 3 hours. The Erie tribe (from whom the lake takes its name) lived along the southern edge, while the Neutrals (also known as Attawandaron) lived along the northern shore. [37] American soldiers swept through the Ontario area around Port Rowan burning towns and villages. [33] For decades after those wars, the land around eastern Lake Erie was claimed and utilized by the Iroquois as a hunting ground. [72], Lake Erie has a complex ecosystem with many species in interaction. The first ice usually forms in late November, and by January it locks into place. Depends on where on where you start and end . Suppose we travel along this path, starting at A A at time t= 0 t = 0 and ending at B B at time t=1 t = 1. Long Point is a sand spit and medium-sized hamlet on the north shore of Lake Erie, part of Norfolk County in the province of Ontario, Canada.. The driving time is approx. 3h 14min. emperature inversion allows you to see a hazy image. These primarily concerned political reforms and land allocation issues. The interactions between new species can sometimes have beneficial effects, as well as harmful effects. The lake is responsible for microclimates that are important to agriculture. The shortest distance across the Great lakes is at Point Pelee but even then the 50-kilometre (30 mile) flight can prove insurmountable if the wind and weather conditions are not perfect. The north coast of Ohio is widely referred to as its nursery capital. [91] Since zebra mussels filter extra nutrients from the lake, it allows the mayfly larvae to thrive. As the power of the Iroquois waned during the last quarter of the 17th century, several other, mainly Anishinaabe, displaced them from the territories they claimed on the north shore of the lake. [108] According to chemical engineer Peter Douglas, there is sufficient storage space beneath Lake Erie to hold between 15 and 50 years of liquid CO2 emissions from the 4,000 megawatt Nanticoke coal plant. Weeds proliferate, turning water frontage into swamp. [107] One estimate was that $5billion was spent to upgrade plants to treat sewage. Volume: 116 cubic mi 483 cubic km: Shoreline Length: 871 mi 1,402 km (including islands) Water Surface Area: 9,910 square mi 25,655 square km: Retention/Replacement Time: 2.7 years: Common non-indigenous fish species include the rainbow smelt, alewife, white perch and common carp. The ancient sand dunes are visible in the Oak Openings Region in Northwest Ohio. Some chose to sit and wait for authorities, while others headed east in search of an ice bridge Others managed to get to land on their own by riding their all-terrain vehicles about five miles east to where ice hadn't broken away. Texas, serving over 3800 destinations across North America, Mexico and Canada. The most popular two options give you a choice of cruising through Canada or remaining. For islanders in the Western Basin, it is the equivalent of summer vacation Once the lake freezes, islanders organize impromptu ice rallies. There's 20 kilometers of smooth sand on the west and east sides of the peninsula. This means that driving laterally across the United States could take anywhere from 36 hours to 56 hours! [129] While the lake is relatively warmer than the other Great Lakes, there is a thermocline, meaning that as a diver descends, the water temperature drops about 30 degrees Fahrenheit change (17C), requiring a wetsuit. When fishermen realized late Saturday morning that the ice had broken away, they began to debate the best way off. The important steel industry (notably, to the south at Pittsburgh and at Detroit) depends upon the movement of iron ore and limestone across the Great Lakes to Lake Erie ports (mostly to the Ohio ports of Cleveland, Ashtabula, and Conneaut).
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