. RICO. He was accused of compelling companies doing business with his department to make campaign contributions on his behalf. No need to spend hours finding a lawyer, post a job and get custom quotes from experienced lawyers instantly. If a doctor is corrupt, he may illegally provide medical services in order to profit. What does RICO mean? A wide range of unethical business practices can be used, including illegal gambling, bribery, kidnapping, murder, money laundering, counterfeiting, embezzlement, drug trafficking, and slavery. Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago v. Haroco, Inc. Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon. L.91452, 84Stat. RICO, as a serious law, carries severe criminal penalties. "global warming" ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Possible RICO meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. By the new Millennium, RICO cases resulted in virtually all of the top leaders of the New York Mafia being sent to prison. RICO. [44] Massino was the first sitting boss of a New York crime family to turn state's evidence, and the second in the history of the American Mafia to do so[45] (Philadelphia crime family boss Ralph Natale had flipped in 1999 when facing drug charges). Mohawk Industries had allegedly hired illegal aliens, in violation of RICO. On September 23, 1980, the Baton Rouge-based United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana convicted Dozier of five counts of extortion and racketeering. A conviction under RICO carries a prison sentence of up to 20 years and a fine of $250,000 or twice the amount of the proceeds earned. Anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuit against public participation) laws can be applied in an attempt to curb alleged abuses of the legal system by individuals or corporations who use the courts as a weapon to retaliate against whistle blowers or victims or to silence another's speech. The court was asked to decide whether Mohawk Industries, along with recruiting agencies, constituted an "enterprise" that could be prosecuted under RICO. Although some of the RICO predicate acts are extortion and blackmail, one of the most successful applications of the RICO laws has been the ability to indict and or sanction individuals for their behavior and actions committed against witnesses and victims in alleged retaliation or retribution for cooperating with federal law enforcement or intelligence agencies. According to a report filed in November, there have been 402 white collar crime cases in the previous month. The Risks of Buying Hookah Accessories from Unreliable Sources: Why You Should Stick to Trusted Online Stores? "[64] Specifically, the claim cites violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. If you suspect that you have been a victim of racketeering, contact the police. What does RICO stand for? Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c0892d4bff59c04 As a result of the RICO Act, law enforcement has been able to take down large organizations that engage in these types of crimes. There is no one answer to this question as there is no one way that a rico works. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. He was accused of funding his philanthropy, political contributions, law firm salaries, and an extravagant lifestyle with a massive 1.2 billion dollar Ponzi scheme. In general, however, racketeering laws are designed to prevent and punish illegal activities that are carried out as part of an ongoing enterprise. pattern of racketeering. RICO was enacted by Congress in 1970 in an attempt to combat organized crime in the United States. [4], RICO also permits a private individual "damaged in his business or property" by a "racketeer" to file a civil suit. RICOs financial terms are as follows. Mr. Harpers position is not unique; there are other Canadian politicians doing the same. Racketeering activity carried out as part of an ongoing criminal enterprise is subject to prosecution and civil penalties. Thus, RICO provides an effective method both for establishing the existence of organized crime's penetration into labor unions and for excising corrupt union officials from positions of leadership. It was one of the first occasions that a RICO indictment was brought against an individual with no ties to organized crime. Penalties; 18 U.S. Code 1963. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. [52] Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein cooperated with the government and reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. If you are accused of racketeering, your attorney must be knowledgeable and experienced. Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Associates, Inc. Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corporation, National Organization for Women v. Scheidler, Scheidler v. National Organization for Women. However, the government sold their interest back to the other partners (Cauble's wife and son) for an estimated $12 million. Murder, arson, kidnapping, and drug dealing are among the most common types of RICO crimes. To be considered for RICO, a person must engage in a pattern of racketeering activity with respect to the enterprise. The defense might also try to show that the defendant only committed minor offenses. "[1] Those found guilty of racketeering can be fined up to $25,000 and sentenced to 20 years in prison per racketeering count. In August 1981, Rex Cauble was indicted by a grand jury, as the government believed he was the financial backer of the smugglers. RICO law, or Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act law, is a law in place to fight against organized crime within the United States. Organized crime and white-collar crime are the subject of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) Act, a federal law enacted in response to these crimes in 1970. Timeshare Promotional Vacation Packages, Articles W
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what does ricaco stand for

There are serious allegations against the Seminole Heights Brewing Company in the lawsuit. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Multiple members of a criminal organization may be indicted under federal RICO law if the government determines they committed a crime. In 1961, it was 18 U.S.C. So Alfric is altogether strong; thelric, nobly strong or powerful: to the same sense as Polycrates, Crato, Plutarchus, Opimius. We know 19 definitions for RICO abbreviation or acronym in 3 categories. 1 May 2023. RICO law, or Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act law, is a law in place to fight against organized crime within the United States.3 min read. NASA, To find out how we can work together, dial (855) 457-7214 or send an email to 561-529-9734. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS This pattern of illegal activity has to include two or more illegal acts committed within 10 years of each other that fall into the racketeering category according to the definition included in the RICO Act. A defendant in a RICO prosecution will have their personal assets frozen before the trial even begins. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act is a federal legislation in the United States that stipulates harsher punishments for crimes committed as part of a continuing criminal organization as well as a civil cause of action. Copyright The National Crime Syndicate 2014 - 2023. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization. [28], On September 7, 1988, Milken's employer, Drexel Burnham Lambert, was threatened with RICO charges under respondeat superior, the legal doctrine that corporations are responsible for their employees' crimes. This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: RICO- . The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, commonly referred to as RICO, is a U.S. federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal enterprise. [15], The RICO statute contains a provision that allows for the commencement of a civil action by a private party to recover damages sustained as a result of the commission of a RICO predicate offense.[16][17]. In these instances, charges can be brought against individuals or corporations in retaliation for said individuals or corporations working with law enforcement. *1960. Official websites use .gov Until the 1970's, a mob boss was untouchable but with the introduction of RICO it allowed them to be tried for crimes which they ordered . Meaning of RICO. Your abbreviation search returned 7 meanings. Racketeering encompasses everything from extortion to blackmail to kidnapping for monetary ransom. United States. Hire the top business lawyers and save up to 60% on legal fees. Protesters have the right to be arrested, but courts are less likely to use it in the present. The civil penalties allow for treble damages, which means that a person who has been harmed by a RICO violation can recover three times the actual damages sustained. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; The essence of the given name Rico stands for idealism, intuition, romance, generosity, creativity, wisdom and tolerance. [41], Immediately after his July 30 conviction, as court was adjourned, Massino requested a meeting with Judge Garaufis, where he made his first offer to cooperate. L. 91-452, 84 Stat. showing only Organizations definitions . The meaning of the given name Ricaco represents practicality, realism, reliability, discipline, sincerity and experience. The power of RICO lies in its conspiracy provision, based on an enterprise rationale, that allows tying together apparently unrelated crimes with a common objective into a prosecutable pattern of racketeering. rica. STANDS4 LLC, 2023. Ric (n.s.) NOTE : The information on this website is for general information purposes only. [48], A federal grand jury in the Middle District of Pennsylvania handed down a 48-count indictment against former Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas Judges Michael Conahan and Mark Ciavarella. [53] On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. [citation needed], In 1979, the United States Federal Government went after Sonny Barger and several members and associates of the Oakland chapter of the Hells Angels using RICO. These activities can include things like bribery, extortion, money laundering, and fraud. Share it with your network! RICO stands for the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which was passed in 1970 to combat organized crime in the United States.Under RICO, it is unlawful for anyone employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in interstate or foreign commerce to conduct or participate in the enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity . The criminal penalties include up to 20 years in prison and fines of up to $250,000. What does rico stand for in law. A bank fraud, wire fraud, kidnapping, bribery, extortion, contract murder-for-hire (aka a hitman), and other types of crimes are also crimes. In addition, RICO provides for severer penalties and permits a defendant to be convicted and separately punished for both the underlying crimes that constitute the pattern of racketeering activity and for a substantive violation of RICO. A defendants sentence for racketeering is typically thirty (30) to thirty seven (37) months in prison. In a carefully worded plea, Drexel said it was "not in a position to dispute the allegations" made by the Government. 1 May 2023. Offenses defined as racketeering when committed within an organization include: Most of the 35 offenses considered as types of racketeering are also criminal offenses in their own right. 19611968. Under the law, the meaning of racketeering activity is set out at 18U.S.C. The Mob Wife Stands for high-quality home decor and accessories such as sculptures, umbrellas, and backpacks in the medium price range. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This is significantly lower than the previous months figure of approximately 428. It is most commonly used by law enforcement to pursue organizations involved in debt collection. The purpose of RICO laws is to combat organized crime by using illegal income to acquire, establish, or operate businesses; to obtain an interest in businesses; and to collect debts. ch. In 1970, Congress passed the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act in an effort to combat Mafia groups. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. It came under increased scrutiny in recent years due to the negative impact it had on people who were perceived to be committing crimes as part of a group. It is a very serious federal offense punishable by fines and/or prison time. An example of this extortion was through the garbage business. A defendant convicted of racketeering is required to take part in at least two racketeering activities. In July 2001, US District Judge Gary A. Feess said that the plaintiffs did not have standing to sue the LAPD under RICO, because they were alleging personal injuries rather than economic or property damage. "[citation needed][3]. Racketeering is a type of criminal activity that involves the use of an instrument known as an Arson. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, commonly referred to as RICO, is a U.S. federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal enterprise. 1961. Businesses that engage in illegal behavior can be held liable under the RICO Act, a powerful tool for identifying and punishing violators. As a result, RICO can be an effective tool for law enforcement officers in their investigations and prosecutions of organized crime. RICO was enacted by section 901(a) of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (Pub. Bribery, extortion, theft from interstate shipment, embezzlement, and interstate transportation of stolen goods are all examples of RICO offenses that can be used. If you have any information that could assist in the prosecution of a crime that involves the RICO act, please contact the FBI. This can be done through a variety of means, such as offering a percentage of the proceeds from the illegal activity, or providing a reduced sentence for those who agree to cooperate with the rico. He once told Time, "We don't want one set of rules for people whose collars are blue or whose names end in vowels, and another set for those whose collars are white and have Ivy League diplomas."[4]. The RICO Act, a federal law enacted in the United States, has numerous penalties for members of criminal organizations involved in crimes. This helps prevent criminal organizations from victimizing private parties. [56], In 2015, the Drummond Company sued attorneys Terrence P. Collingsworth and William R. Scherer, the advocacy group International Rights Advocates (IRAdvocates), and Dutch businessman Albert van Bilderbeek, one of the owners of Llanos Oil, accusing them of violating RICO by alleging that Drummond had worked alongside Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia to murder labor union leaders within proximity of their Colombian coal mines, which Drummond denies. Your abbreviation search returned 7 meanings. What does RICO stand for? UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. This forfeiture doesn't wait for a guilty verdict, because the property might become too hard to find after that point. Racketeering is a serious offense that can land you in prison. Well. Racketeering is a serious crime that can result in lengthy prison sentences. A lock ( What does Rico stand for in law? The defendants had allegedly used the enterprise as a front to collect millions of dollars in bribes, which may have influenced Russia and Qatar's winning bids to host the FIFA World Cup in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Using the shrimp boats Agnes Pauline, Monkey, Jubilee, and Bayou Blues, the group made six trips from Colombia to Texas. rico de o en rich in. The illegal acts comprising a pattern are called "predicate" offenses. The Shapiro Brothers vs Murder Incorporated. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "naticrimsynd-20"; 922, enacted October 15, 1970) and is codified at 18 U.S.C . [37], Bonanno crime family boss Joseph Massino's trial began on May 24, 2004, with judge Nicholas Garaufis presiding and GregD.Andres and Robert Henoch heading the prosecution. In Tampa, on October 16, 2006, four members of the Gambino crime family (Capo Ronald Trucchio, Terry Scaglione, Steven Catallono, and Anthony Mucciarone and associate Kevin McMahon) were tried under RICO statutes, found guilty, and sentenced to life in prison. The RICO Act focuses specifically on racketeering, and it allows the leaders of a criminal enterprise to be tried and convicted for the crimes which they ordered others to do or assisted them in doing. [65], The case is being followed for its implications regarding the use of conservation easements as tax shelters. Your abbreviation search returned 7 meanings. If Drexel had been indicted under RICO statutes, it would have had to post a performance bond of up to $1 billion to avoid having its assets frozen. PSP, HIPAA The power of RICO lies in its conspiracy provision, based on an enterprise rationale, that allows tying together apparently unrelated crimes with a common objective into a prosecutable pattern of racketeering. The law came into effect on 22 January 2003 when it . Civil remedies, "Key West Police Department Called a 'Criminal Enterprise', "From wrecking to smuggling to development, corruption, investigations have long history", "Baseball: A Group's Racketeering Suit Brings Baseball to Full Bristle", "Use of RICO Law in Rampart Cases Weakened", "Mohawk Industries, Inc. v. Williams, Shirley, et al", "United States Of America, Appellee, v. Frank Locascio, and John Gotti, Defendants-Appellants", "Grisly Crimes Described by Prosecutors as Mob Trial Opens", "Career of a Crime Boss Ends With Sweeping Convictions", "Judge Objects to Ashcroft Bid for a Mobster's Execution", "United States Attorney Pat Fitzgerald's Press Release", "Jury finds Ciavarella guilty on first of 39 counts", "Ponzi schemer Scott Rothstein gets 50-year sentence", "Public corruption: Feds allege bribery, kickbacks", "Nine FIFA Officials and Five Corporate Executives Indicted for Racketeering Conspiracy and Corruption", "Perception, Not Reality, Is What Counts", "Award-Winning CPA-led Business Advisory Firm | Aprio | Passionate For What's Next", "Accountants, Appraisers, Attorneys Sued Over Alleged Tax Credit Fraud Scheme", "Alleged Syndicated Conservation Easement Tax Shelter Promoters Face Class-Action Lawsuit", "Docket for Lechter v. Aprio, LLP, 1:20-cv-01325 - CourtListener.com", "Participants in IRS-Targeted Land Deals Sue Alleged Promoters", "4 Firms Sued Over $30M In Nixed Easement Deductions - Law360", "Syndicated Easement Scrutiny Forges New Front With RICO Lawsuit", Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act&oldid=1150141262, United States federal criminal legislation, United States federal public corruption crime, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Articles that may contain original research from August 2009, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, An Act relating to the control of organized crime in the United States. Recently, the RICO act has been used more in cases against many different types of enterprises that are both illegally and legally operating. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Each incident must have a similar purpose or outcome, as well as some element of similarity to it. This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: RICO. What does RICO stand for? Congress. If the accusations are true, the Seminole Heights Brewing Company may be in serious trouble. March 27, 2020. During the 1980s and 1990s, federal prosecutors used RICO to bring charges against several Mafia members. 1962(a)); or the defendant(s) acquired or maintained an interest in, or control of, the enterprise through the pattern of racketeering activity (subsection (b)); or the defendant(s) conducted or participated in the affairs of the enterprise "through" the pattern of racketeering activity (subsection (c)); or the defendant(s) conspired to do one of the above (subsection (d)). A genius when it comes to advice, sports and rapping, but also Rico has a heart. [35], John Gotti and Frank Locascio were convicted on April 2, 1992, under the RICO Act and later sentenced to life in prison.[36]. Criminal penalties. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The incident was dubbed by many local and national newspapers as the "kids for cash scandal". Bloomberg Tax. It can refer to a crime that has been committed several times, or it can refer to a single act that is part of a larger scheme. Bond was denied by US Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to ten concurrent terms of five years. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to federal authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to RICO. TVS SCS Rico, formerly Rico Logistics, is a British IT logistics and support services provider. In the mid-1990s, prosecuting attorneys Gregory O'Connell and Charles Rose used RICO charges to bring down the Lucchese family within an 18-month period. Link/Page Citation Category Filters; All definitions (7) Information Technology (0) Military & Government (5) Science & Medicine (0) Organizations, Schools, etc. 922, enacted October 15, 1970) and is codified at 18 U.S.C. As currently amended it includes: Pattern of racketeering activity requires at least two acts of racketeering activity, one of which occurred after the effective date of this chapter and the last of which occurred within ten years (excluding any period of imprisonment) after the commission of a prior act of racketeering activity. Racketeering activity is a legal term that refers to a pattern of behavior. The following activities are considered organized crime: RICO law does not apply to the punishment for a criminal act that is isolated from a group. An experienced attorney who is knowledgeable about the law and how to defend clients is critical. Web. Scheidler v. National Organization for Women resulted in a court order stating that protesters had not received property from clinics. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit"; The US Supreme Court has instructed federal courts to follow the continuity-plus-relationship test in order to determine whether the facts of a specific case give rise to an established pattern. It has been widely used and has proven to be successful in the United States, but it has also been a difficult road. [13] Predicate acts are related if they "have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission, or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated events. . RICO. He was accused of compelling companies doing business with his department to make campaign contributions on his behalf. No need to spend hours finding a lawyer, post a job and get custom quotes from experienced lawyers instantly. If a doctor is corrupt, he may illegally provide medical services in order to profit. What does RICO mean? A wide range of unethical business practices can be used, including illegal gambling, bribery, kidnapping, murder, money laundering, counterfeiting, embezzlement, drug trafficking, and slavery. Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago v. Haroco, Inc. Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon. L.91452, 84Stat. RICO, as a serious law, carries severe criminal penalties. "global warming" ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Possible RICO meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. By the new Millennium, RICO cases resulted in virtually all of the top leaders of the New York Mafia being sent to prison. RICO. [44] Massino was the first sitting boss of a New York crime family to turn state's evidence, and the second in the history of the American Mafia to do so[45] (Philadelphia crime family boss Ralph Natale had flipped in 1999 when facing drug charges). Mohawk Industries had allegedly hired illegal aliens, in violation of RICO. On September 23, 1980, the Baton Rouge-based United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana convicted Dozier of five counts of extortion and racketeering. A conviction under RICO carries a prison sentence of up to 20 years and a fine of $250,000 or twice the amount of the proceeds earned. Anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuit against public participation) laws can be applied in an attempt to curb alleged abuses of the legal system by individuals or corporations who use the courts as a weapon to retaliate against whistle blowers or victims or to silence another's speech. The court was asked to decide whether Mohawk Industries, along with recruiting agencies, constituted an "enterprise" that could be prosecuted under RICO. Although some of the RICO predicate acts are extortion and blackmail, one of the most successful applications of the RICO laws has been the ability to indict and or sanction individuals for their behavior and actions committed against witnesses and victims in alleged retaliation or retribution for cooperating with federal law enforcement or intelligence agencies. According to a report filed in November, there have been 402 white collar crime cases in the previous month. The Risks of Buying Hookah Accessories from Unreliable Sources: Why You Should Stick to Trusted Online Stores? "[64] Specifically, the claim cites violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. If you suspect that you have been a victim of racketeering, contact the police. What does RICO stand for? Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c0892d4bff59c04 As a result of the RICO Act, law enforcement has been able to take down large organizations that engage in these types of crimes. There is no one answer to this question as there is no one way that a rico works. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. He was accused of funding his philanthropy, political contributions, law firm salaries, and an extravagant lifestyle with a massive 1.2 billion dollar Ponzi scheme. In general, however, racketeering laws are designed to prevent and punish illegal activities that are carried out as part of an ongoing enterprise. pattern of racketeering. RICO was enacted by Congress in 1970 in an attempt to combat organized crime in the United States. [4], RICO also permits a private individual "damaged in his business or property" by a "racketeer" to file a civil suit. RICOs financial terms are as follows. Mr. Harpers position is not unique; there are other Canadian politicians doing the same. Racketeering activity carried out as part of an ongoing criminal enterprise is subject to prosecution and civil penalties. Thus, RICO provides an effective method both for establishing the existence of organized crime's penetration into labor unions and for excising corrupt union officials from positions of leadership. It was one of the first occasions that a RICO indictment was brought against an individual with no ties to organized crime. Penalties; 18 U.S. Code 1963. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. [52] Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein cooperated with the government and reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. If you are accused of racketeering, your attorney must be knowledgeable and experienced. Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Associates, Inc. Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corporation, National Organization for Women v. Scheidler, Scheidler v. National Organization for Women. However, the government sold their interest back to the other partners (Cauble's wife and son) for an estimated $12 million. Murder, arson, kidnapping, and drug dealing are among the most common types of RICO crimes. To be considered for RICO, a person must engage in a pattern of racketeering activity with respect to the enterprise. The defense might also try to show that the defendant only committed minor offenses. "[1] Those found guilty of racketeering can be fined up to $25,000 and sentenced to 20 years in prison per racketeering count. In August 1981, Rex Cauble was indicted by a grand jury, as the government believed he was the financial backer of the smugglers. RICO law, or Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act law, is a law in place to fight against organized crime within the United States. Organized crime and white-collar crime are the subject of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) Act, a federal law enacted in response to these crimes in 1970.

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