8-9. [Federal Register Volume 88, Number 83 (Monday, May 1, 2023)] [Rules and Regulations] [Pages 26477-26494] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2023-09020] ===== ----- DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Office of the Secretary 32 CFR Part 158 [Docket ID: DOD-2020-OS-0015] RIN 0790-AK81 Operational Contract Support (OCS) Outside the United States . cit. However, guerillas often mix with the civilians, perform undercover operations, and dress in civilian clothes. Civilian status in occupied territories is defined and protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention (Arts. [94] Modified image taken from Canada to send troops to UN peacekeeping mission in Mali, New Indian Express, 17 March 2018, http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/mar/17/canada-to-send-troops-to-un-peacekeeping-mission-in-mali-1788547.html, (accessed 2 May 2019). Under the strain the Americans merely shrugged their shoulders, so that in a few years they had to pour out the blood and treasure of the New World to save themselves from mortal danger (Churchill, ibid., p. 38). The status of POW only applies in international armed conflict. IHL protects persons who are international humanitarian law is credited to the efforts of 19th century Swiss businessman Henry Dunant. Over the period of 100 days between April and July 1994, a total of 800,000 people were killed nationwide during the 1994 genocide under UNAMIRs watch equating to almost 10% of the entire Rwandan population at that time.[7]. For our purposes violating the LOAC willnot have you hauled up in The Hague but it does form part of a vital effort to permitmission support teams to develop interesting and creactivescenarios and dilemmas. Gardam and Jarvis, cited in Durham and O'Bryne, 2010. [49] Derbyshire, 149.335 Protected persons under LOAC, in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. [82] Indeed, a total of 56 UN soldiers were killed in 2017 alone the highest number of UN deaths through violence since 1994. in an occupied territory or State, but also to the Enemy civilian population of an opposing armed force or State(s) in a conflict generally. Nor can the United States escape the censure of history. 0000007626 00000 n These binding legal customs are known as Customary International Law (CIL). [1][2] It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants. - Dyslexi's Tactics, Techniques, & Procedures for Arma 3 (TTP3), Some aspects of this website are fictional. [103] Derbyshire, 149.335 Command Responsibility and Superior Orders in Section Two: Basic Principles of LOAC, NZDF Code of Conduct and Command Responsibility, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. [9] Derbyshire, 149.335: NZDF Code of Conduct Card, in Section Two: Basic Principles of LOAC, NZDF Code of Conduct and Command Responsibility, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. To deter and repel attacks and to defeat attackers, the United Nations needs to be strong and not fear to use force when necessary. [79], This admonition applied equally to personnel participating in traditional UN peacekeeping operations, where according to the report the blue helmet and the United Nations flag no longer offer natural protection for non-combatant UN forces, as to those engaged in Chapter VII Peace Enforcement operations such as the offensive or counter-terrorist operations against hostile armed groups currently taking place in the Congo and Mali. cit. [14] Modified images taken from Kosovo As it really is 1999-2003, Post-War Suffering Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren, 2019, http://www.kosovo.net/report.html, (accessed 17 January 2019); March Pogrom Kosovo 17-19 March 2004, News from Kosovo Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren, http://www.kosovo.net/news_pogrom.html, (17 January 2019); Rupert Colville, Kosovo minorities still need international protection, says UNHCR, UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency UK, 24 August 2004, https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2004/8/412b5f904/kosovo-minorities-still-need-international-protection-says-unhcr.html, (accessed 17 January 2019); and Burning of the Serbian village Svinjare, March 17, Kosovo.net, 2019, http://www.kosovo.net/pogrom_march/svinjare1/page_01.htm, (accessed 17 January 2019). 18-19. ), Encyclopedia of Public International Law Volume IV (2000), pp. This admonition applied equally to personnel participating in traditional UN peacekeeping operations, where according to the report the blue helmet and the United Nations flag no longer offer natural protection for non-combatant UN forces, as to those engaged in Chapter VII Peace Enforcement operations such as the offensive or counter-terrorist operations against hostile armed groups currently taking place in the Congo and Mali. Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. It defines their rights and sets down detailed rules for their treatment and eventual release. The third 1949 Geneva Convention also classifies other categories of persons who have the right to POW status or may be treated as POWs. Durham cautions that, although traditional practices and IHL legal norms are largely compatible, it is important not to assume perfect alignment. 0000014801 00000 n The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) is a source of significant legal authority for and restriction on a wide range of U.S. military activities. [39] The principle of distinction has also been found by the ICRC to be reflected in state practice; it is therefore an established norm of customary international law in both international and non-international armed conflicts. 0000087226 00000 n [27] Derbyshire, 149.335 Protected persons under LOAC, in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, ibid., p. 18. ROE always recognizes a Soldiers right of self-defense; while at the same time, they clearly define circumstances in which they may or may not engage. Respect Protective Symbols: Symbols such as the Red Crystal, Red Cross, Red Crescent and humanitarian logos should be respected. The legal mandate of the ICRC stems from the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as from its own Statutes. (See UN Charter, Chapter VII, Articles 41-42, 43 & 45) [108], More recently, another UN report released in January 2018, and prepared on request of the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, revealed that between the years 2011-2017 there was a pronounced unwillingness to use force among UN forces on UN operations. 57 0 obj Doctors without borders - All rights reserved, Distinctive (or protective) emblems, signs, and signals, Situations and persons not expressly covered by humanitarian law. International humanitarian law (IHL) also protects other persons deprived of liberty as a result of armed conflict. Protect the most vulnerable: civilians, wounded, CPERS and health-care workers. Medical personnel and facilities should be marked with the Red Cross on a white background. By definition, such orders against the laws of war constitute a war crime. Recognising the need for UN forces to rise to the occasion in confronting this new dangerous reality, the UN report chastised countries contributing forces to UN operations whose forces were not performing adequately with regard to their use of legitimate and lawful lethal force when necessary, stating: They must perform. [41] Modified images taken from the International Herald Tribune, www.iht.com, and ABC News, abc.news. In the case of those who refused to convert to Islam, or to pay an alternative tax, Muslims "were allowed in principle to kill any one of them, combatants or noncombatants, provided they were not killed treacherously and with mutilation".[23]. [22], Islamic law did not spare all non-combatants, however. Military personnel, civilians and contractors authorized to accompany the armed forces in combat who do not follow the LOAC when planning and executing combat operations may be held criminally liable for war crimes and court-martialed under the UCMJ The five LOAC principles that govern armed conflict do not include retaliation LOAC, also referred to as the law of war, is that part of international law that regulates the conduct of hostilities and the protection of war victims both in international and non-international armed conflict; belligerent occupation; and the relationship between belligerent, neutral, and non-belligerent States (see DOD Law of War Manual, 1.3; endobj POWs are usually members of the armed forces of one of the parties to a conflict who fall into the hands of the adverse party. endstream endobj startxref Family reunification War crimes/Crimes against humanity. 0000088317 00000 n 0000012582 00000 n Nonethelessfor the sake of linguistic simplicitywe will use it in this entry to qualify the notion of protection to which individuals are entitled, including in non-international conflicts. Uniformed, armed soldiers are easily recognizable. To deter and repel attacks and to defeat attackers, the United Nations needs to be strong and not fear to use force when necessary.. [12] Modified image taken from M. Olasky, Holiday Inn on Sarajevos Sniper Alley, World, 28 June 2014, https://world.wng.org/2014/06/holiday_inn_on_sarajevos_sniper_alley, (accessed 14 February 2018). Your email address will not be published. The distinction between combatants and non-combatants is not always easy to make. [39] Images taken from: N. Shachtman, Afghan Air War Hits 3-Year Low, WIRED, 16 January 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/01/afghan-air-war/, (accessed 1 May 2019); Operations and missions: past and present, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),25 April 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm, (accessed 1 May 2019); L. Eptako, Then and Now: What Replaced the Toppled Saddam Statue?, PBS Newshour, 26 August 2010, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/saddam-statue, (accessed 1 May 2019); and B. Be treated with equal care as men (meaning no less favourably than men); Be given adequate treatment and care if pregnant, or mothers with children, and have their cases addressed urgently if arrested, interned or detained; and. This possibility is extended to other relief organizations. This equates to 1.57 jobs, $76,000 in wages and $14,101 in tax revenues for every 1,000 tons of material recycled. It has, as of December 2012, been ratified by 150 states. These examples of the laws of war address: It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive uniform or other easily identifiable badge, and the carrying of weapons openly. 0000016203 00000 n IHL has generally not been subject to the same debates and criticisms of "cultural relativism" as have international human rights. Nationals of a State not party to the 1949 Geneva Conventions are not protected by the Conventions provisions. As stated previously with regard to civilians generally, Likewise, any child under the age of 18, who is taking a. Were committed under the commanders effective control where. xe%_hRFNUd>*UB*cy7V4kSG*! 9b+zF20XjLW9:q,d;1J'u8KYt15=W-9^lOIX5|TsoM? "[17], In ancient India there are records (the Laws of Manu, for example) describing the types of weapons that should not be used: "When he fights with his foes in battle, let him not strike with weapons concealed (in wood), nor with (such as are) barbed, poisoned, or the points of which are blazing with fire. %PDF-1.5 % For example, a dicker/spotter who is showing clear and imminent hostile intent may be considered a combatant. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In particular, they are protected against murder, torture, as well as cruel, humiliating or degrading treatment. xref 0000090809 00000 n They must perform. For Additional Information: Blondel, Jean-Luc. Alertness and caution must guide you in deciding who is a combatant. On the individual level, obedience to the LOAC within an armed conflict reduces human suffering and honours adherents, while disobedience increases human suffering and brings personal dishonour which may even lead to legal prosecution and punishment as a war criminal for the commission of war crimes. In particular, it is evident that LTCOL Karremans and his Dutch battalion of UN forces had a strong obligation under the LOAC to prevent, to suppress, and even to punish, the crimes of genocide and crimes against civilian humanity committed by Bosnian Serb forces in Bosnia, and this obligation was significantly increased by the fact that they had the means, ability and manpower to do so as armed UN combatant forces deployed under Chapter VII authority. [59] Other governments contributing troops to UN operations have made the use of force a paper option, constraining their troops with operational and political constraints that is, national caveats that have been at odds with their legal authority and mandate to act.[60], In fact, this UN report found that even where national governments permitted their military forces to use force in the protection of civilians during their missions, these UN military personnel intervened in only 20 percent of the attacks on civilians (101 of 507 incidents), being predominantly either unable or unwilling to prevent serious physical harm from being inflicted.[61] When these rare cases of intervention were examined more deeply, furthermore, the study found that UN personnel were actually motivated to use force primarily in the interest of either their own self-defence or the protection of UN personnel and property, rather than their prime purpose of providing protection for the civilians themselves in the local vicinity of the UN operation. Lawful combatants, also referred to in the LOAC as protected combatants or privileged combatants, include the following: Under the laws of war all lawful combatants: (1) Are entitled to carry out attacks on opposing forces; (2) May lawfully be the subject of attack until and unless they become hors de combat through being wounded, sick, captured or shipwrecked; (3) Bear no criminal responsibility or civil liability for killing or injuring members of the opposing force or for causing damage or destruction to property provided they have acted in accordance with the LOAC; (4) Are not protected persons until and unless they become protected by virtue of becoming hors de combat through sickness or being wounded, shipwrecked, or captured; (5) If captured are entitled to Prisoner of War status, rights and protections; and, (6) May be tried before a fair and regular trial for breaches of LOAC and other international crimes. 49 0 obj The special protection does not apply to personnel engaged in UN enforcement actions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, in which any of the personnel are engaged as combatants against organised armed forces to which LOAC applies. (1K"P@q o&O2~gtkd(eadfTP*b(adzi<820 iw} endstream endobj 131 0 obj<> endobj 132 0 obj<> endobj 134 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 136 0 obj<> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj<> endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<> endobj 144 0 obj<> endobj 145 0 obj<> endobj 146 0 obj<> endobj 147 0 obj<> endobj 148 0 obj<>stream [43], The principle of humane treatment requires that civilians be treated humanely at all times. In non-international armed conflicts, Article 3 common to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II provide that persons deprived of liberty for reasons related to the conflict must also be treated humanely in all circumstances. which of the following have specific protections under loac? "Fritz Munch, History of the Laws of War, in: R. Bernhardt (ed. As Nicholson states: The combatants privilege has been described by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights as, in essence a licence to kill or wound enemy combatants and destroy other enemy military objectives. It therefore allows a combatant to use violence against people and property, providing that it is done in accordance with the laws of armed conflict. ], The LOAC protections given to civilians that guarantee humane treatment and forbid their being deliberately militarily targeted and attacked, is given not only to the civilian population within the power of a military armed force, e.g. [34] Suspected terrorists who are captured during an armed conflict, without having participated in the hostilities, may be detained only in accordance with the GC IV, and are entitled to a regular trial. endobj [29], Civilian children who take no direct part in hostilities must never be the object of military attack.[30]. 0000009733 00000 n 75). If they use their weapons upon landing, they lose their protection status and are considered combatants. [13], Fritz Munch sums up historical military practice before 1800: "The essential points seem to be these: In battle and in towns taken by force, combatants and non-combatants were killed and property was destroyed or looted. Use weapons that cause unnecessary suffering (such as chemical weapons), Use weapons that cannot distinguish between civilian and military targets, Pretend to be a civilian while attempting to kill, injure or capture an adversary, Order or threaten that there will be no survivors, Those who are fighting must distinguish themselves from those who are not, Attacks must be limited to military objectives, During an attack, every precaution must be taken to minimise potential harm to civilians and civilian objects. Rules governing the treatment and conditions of detention of civilian internees under IHL are very similar to those applicable to prisoners of war. 7, 8). [25] Derbyshire, 149.335 NZDF Code of Conduct Card, in Section Two: Basic Principles of LOAC, NZDF Code of Conduct and Command Responsibility, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, ibid., pp. 3, APII Art. 0000007582 00000 n Only enemy combatants are proper targets. 154 0 obj <>stream 149.335: Objects and places specially protected under LOAC in Section Six: Objects and Places Specially Protected Under LOAC and Targeting, p. 12, There never was a war more easy to stop than that which has just wrecked what was left of the world from the previous struggle. In combat, the medical service emblem protects those who have become casualties and those who are caring for them. [88] Derbyshire, 149.335 NZDF Code of Conduct Card, in Section Two: Basic Principles of LOAC, NZDF Code of Conduct and Command Responsibility, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. Derbyshire, 'Section Nine: Prisoners of War and Other Persons Deprived of Their Liberty', 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, ibid., p. 4. The negligence exhibited by many of these national military contingents during these international security campaigns, in neither acting to protect the lives of non-combatant civilians targeted by hostile combatant forces, nor acting in defence of civilian property and places of worship and cultural heritage targeted for destruction by hostile combatant forces, in fact constitute failures to uphold and enforce the very laws of war now known collectively as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). 0000003010 00000 n 12-13. The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts . [15] Derbyshire, 149.335 Protected Persons Under LOAC in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, pp. xFMnP*7\T=G8&X \4V'[Qj.&.4u-2IPl,z It has jurisdiction over individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. [25], Rape is a serious breach of the LOAC and is considered a war crime.[26]. IHL is also known as the law of war and the law of armed conflict. Because there is no statute of limitations on crimes against LOAC, If an individual is alleged to have committed a breach of the LOAC because of superior orders from a superior commanding officer, this may be considered in mitigation of punishment. 0000007453 00000 n [36] However, it is accepted that operations may cause civilian casualties. Individuals parachuting from a burning or disabled aircraft are considered helpless until they reach the ground. Otherwise, local armed groups will begin to threaten the rule of law when they discover that the UN troops only bark without biting.[76], Gustavo de Carvalho from the Institute for Security Studies has argued that the UN needs to, firstly, implement a transparent standard which holds UN missions and peacekeepers from Troop Contributing Nations (TCNs) accountable for their conduct during UN operations, and secondly, start to vet countries and their troops to make sure that national contingents are actually suitable in reality to the nature and tasks of the UN missions, so that TCNs are not just using UN peacekeeping to boost their foreign policy and earn their troops large bonuses. [77] While putting boots on the ground is the only way to staunch the wounds of conflict, de Carvalho argues, peacekeeping has to be better thought, better planned, better implemented and made more fit for purpose.[78]. [5], The principle of military necessity can likewise never be used as a defence for committing or allowing breaches of these absolute, fixed, concrete rules of LOAC and CIL that prohibit the wilful killing of protected persons, genocide, and crimes against civilian humanity. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and military necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and alleviating human suffering. What, as defined by the DoD, is that part of international law that regulates the resort to armed force; the conduct of hostilities, and the protection of war victims in both international and non-international armed conflict; belligerent occupation; and the relationships between belligerent, neutral, and non-belligerent states? [4] Derbyshire, 149.335 Introduction to LOAC, in Section One: Introduction to LOAC and Historical Development, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, ibid., p. 14. [7] Modified image taken from P. Gourevitch, After the Genocide, The New Yorker [Magazine], 18 December 1995, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/12/18/after-the-genocide, (accessed 14 September 2017). One may quickly see by this brief overview that there were clear and specific obligations and rights under the LOAC that applied to Dutch UNPROFOR combatant forces, the orders issued by their National Commander Lieutenant Colonel (LTCOL) Thomas Karremans, and the 50,000 civilian war refugees in the Srebrenica UN Protected Area in Bosnia in 1995 (see blog #20 Betrayal & Barbarism in Bosnia: The UNPROFOR Operation, National Caveats & Genocide in the Srebrenica UN Protected Area and #21 Srebrenica Aftermath: Serb Guilt & Dutch Liability for the Genocide in the UNPROFOR Safe Area in Bosnia). Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. In these cases, UN personnel deployed on Chapter VII UN operations are strictly speaking combatant peace-enforcers of a peace-enforcement mission, rather than non-combatant peace-keepers of a peace-keeping mission. "1&|9i@}S fVZ*?~7LhKAN.} 0000092535 00000 n cit., p. 30. 0000091362 00000 n The great writer, experienced military commander, and Prime Minister of Great Britain, Winston S. Churchill, who led Britain and the freedom-loving world to victory during World War II, made some extremely sage and powerful observations about the weakness, timidity, carelessness, negligence and failure of national governments and modern societies during the 1920s and 1930s, following the end of the First World War (1914-1918), that led directly to the outbreak of a second cataclysmic World War (1939-1945) in just over 20 years, and to a desperate fight for national survival for many of these formerly indifferent countries. 0000092183 00000 n There needs to be more effort placed on ensuring urgency in political processes. On Britain: We must regard as deeply blameworthy before history the conduct not only of the British National and mainly Conservative Governments, but of the Labour-Socialist and Liberal Parties, both in and out of office, during this fatal period. <> It also establishes the fundamental guarantees that remain applicable to all victims of a situation of conflict who do not benefit from a specific, preferential regime or categorization (API Art. 14-15. 0000004036 00000 n 0000088672 00000 n The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. HlVAr$7+%7sHy P=w\&FE vyg63 ?. This Rule is based on Article 23(g) of the 1907 Hague Regulations and the customary international law of armed conflict. [10] The term civilian population includes all persons who are civilians (even if within that population there are some individuals who do not qualify as civilian). <>stream 51 0 obj Mistreatment serves only the interests of the enemy. [92] Derbyshire, 149.335 Prevention and punishment of breaches of LOAC, in Section Twelve: International Criminal Court and Enforcement, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. [2][4] It defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning non-combatants. The Code of Conduct for Combatants dictates what a soldier must follow, they are summarised below and expanded in detail in this SOP. Basis of protection for civilians; forbids inflicting suffering, injury . (719) 556-4871 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) is a series of broad-based rules defining how we fight a war. 0000092629 00000 n [82] UN peacekeepers told to fight back as deaths surge, op. 8y5^aqb]F)2O;|=^756K*g7$&DW5r\qo6h$g /yL]_'hdz" avtPAyTg^ "$ )7%I8pgLZ1 [11], Sniper Alley: Unarmed and defenceless civilians seeking to buy food in the city run for their lives to escape deadly sniper fire from entrenched Bosnian Serb forces during the Siege of Sarajevo. (((UCzSM7'#7TE\!'8>l}4&=h&=h{c;s`n!Xn=vwL?zc Fleck, Dieter, ed. 0000016881 00000 n There are areas in which legal norms and cultural practices clash. 2019-2023. Events like these have led one former UN commander to state that: There needs to be more effort placed on ensuring urgency in political processes. cit., p. 25. LX00LGK]EK4# c Or as he stated with regard to the verbally articulate but practically inactive, and therefore impotent and ill-fated, League of Nations during the inter-war years: The moral authority of the League was shown to be devoid of any physical support at a time when its activity and strength were most needed (see more Churchill quotes in endnote). Since the trial of Tomoyuki Yamashita on 1 October 1945, Official capacity a persons status as a high-ranking military or government official with an exalted position or title will also provide. Withholding the status of protected persons constitutes a grave violation of humanitarian law (GCIV Art. [40], Necessity and proportionality are established principles in humanitarian law. %%EOF You will be briefed on the ROE which will apply to you. The risk of this categorization is that certain individuals may not receive adequate protection if the actors in a conflict do not recognize them as belonging to one of the categories of protected persons. 1. LOAC differs from the Rules of Engagement (ROE) in that ROE are specific instructions telling us how to operate during a specific scenario such as in Desert Storm. [31] Derbyshire, 149.335 Protected persons under LOAC, in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, ibid., pp. HYi;&$(z-5hk_d`tD{4h%sYAZiz{Bn[LaA'EK2@tR2O:o,^c3ZTfNiRn%GI1hgtO*ouJSaP B6kNnH"kXE'xV,%BvT:c"O=5_#Yoq^? Trailer #12: SEAL Team Low-Impact (High-Risk) (2022, Series 6, Episode 1) [American SOF Forces, Burkina Faso/Mali]. 0000010037 00000 n They are protected against any act of violence, as well as against intimidation, insults, and public curiosity. Those female civilians who took up arms and thereby participated directly in hostilities during the recent conflict there, lost their legal protections as non-combatant civilians under the LOAC, and could hence be lawfully targeted and attacked militarily as combatants for the period of time in which they were taking a direct part in the hostilities by using weapons to target, attack and kill. Just as military combatants must never target or attack non-combatant civilians, Non-combatant civilians (local, foreign/alien, refugees and stateless persons) who have been interned for imperative security reasons during an armed conflict are called. The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, "Brief Primer on IHL," Accessed at. When a civilian object is used in support of military action, it becomes a legitimate military target and loses its protection (when in doubt, it should be considered civilian).
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