[112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. Among this first group was Toribio de Benavente, known now as Motolinia, the Nahuatl word for poor.[128][129]. [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. [46] In 1561, Pedro de Ursa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. Peru was the last territory in the continent under Spanish rule, which ended on 9 December 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish rule continued until 1898 in Cuba and Puerto Rico). Spalding, Karen. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. One in 1949 stars Fredric March as Columbus. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. The establishment of large, permanent Spanish settlements attracted a whole range of new residents, who set up shop as carpenters, bakers, tailors and other artisan activities. The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as being motivated by "gold, glory, God," that is, the search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity to the exclusion of other religious traditions. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. Effective Spanish settlement began in 1493, when Columbus brought livestock, seeds, agricultural equipment. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. [29], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. 87-88. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. The first expansion of territory was the conquest of the Muslim Emirate of Granada on 1 January 1492, the culmination of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, held by the Muslims since 711. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of that expedition, writing an account of it. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. Neither was effective in its purpose. [13] The creation of the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the diocesan clergy marked a turning point in the crown's control over the religious sphere. 1493: The colony of La Isabela is established on the island of Hispaniola. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. Who had? There was quite a bit of gold coming in. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. The Nahuas after the Conquest. Q3: Option B. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. London, England: Penguin Classics. Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. The Spanish saw these populations as a source of labor, there for their exploitation, to supply their own settlements with foodstuffs, but more importantly for the Spanish, to extract mineral wealth or produce another valuable commodity for Spanish enrichment. Select the correct answer. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. Columbuss colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Their central official and ceremonial area was built on top of Aztec palaces and temples. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. European colonization of North America expanded through Spanish colonists establishing themselves in present-day Florida in the 1500s and English colonists doing so farther up the East Coast in the 1600s. [10] Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. Image credit: By 1600, Spain had reaped substantial monetary benefits from New World resources. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. Question 2. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. Warren, J. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed the forced resettlement of indigenous populations with attempts of conversion to Catholicism. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. answer choices. [150] With the 1992 commemoration (and critique) of Columbus, more cinematic and television depictions of the era appeared, including a TV miniseries with Gabriel Byrne as Columbus. Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. [158] A major production in Mexico was the 1998 film, The Other Conquest, which focuses on a Nahua in the post-conquest era and the evangelization of central Mexico. increasing colonial ties with English leaders in parliament. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Q4 . Direct link to David Alexander's post The Spanish moved into th, Posted 3 months ago. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty.
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