Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement radical otherness [had come] to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants". He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. Estimates of the number that perished in the disturbances, which lasted to the beginning of October, have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, duc de Sully, who himself barely escaped death. Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. Louis governed the Principality of Orange around Avignon in southern France for his brother William the Silent, who was leading the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. D. C. and Kingstown established diplomatic relations when St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ambassador Hudson Kemul Tannis presented his credentials Milton Cato: Ronald Reagan: December 7, 1981: Also, in his biography The World of Christopher Marlowe, David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays, 1 and 2 Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. Bloodshed continued in Paris even after a royal order of August 25 to stop the killing, and it spread to the provinces. To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. Venetian ambassadors to England in the 15th Century were "perplexed by the English - especially by their extreme hostility to foreigners". Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a murderer.[53]. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. Here, he is relating the events leading up to the Massacre and the orders of the Queen of France, Catherine de'Medici. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. The United States ambassador to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the official representative of the government of the United States to the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.The ambassador is the United States ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean, resident in Bridgetown, Barbados, and is concurrently the ambassador to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada . After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on August 18 of 1572,[17] Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. Political Responses . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre provides a rich array of sources on the conflict, from royal edicts, to eyewitness accounts, to paintings, and engravings. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. The homes and shops of Huguenots were pillaged and their occupants brutally murdered; many bodies were thrown into the Seine. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. This was a massacre on Huguenots. 7879; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and, Garrisson, pp. The start of the massacre can be traced to familial, and religious, origins. In part this was led by an apparent change in stance by John Calvin in his Readings on the Prophet Daniel, a book of 1561, in which he had argued that when kings disobey God, they "automatically abdicate their worldly power" a change from his views in earlier works that even ungodly kings should be obeyed. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. 3. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. [71] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events. B. In the third episode of the BBC miniseries Elizabeth R (1971), starring Glenda Jackson as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader,[23] but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. Fast Facts: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Event Name: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre On hearing of the slaughter, Philip II of Spain supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. He noted that the extra violence inflicted on many of the corpses "was not random at all, but patterned after the rites of the Catholic culture that had given birth to it". The would-be assassin, most likely Charles de Louviers, Lord of Maurevert[17](c. 15051583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. Family feuds and confessional choices Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 1. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Roberts, Yvonne. King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. "[91], However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. This traditional interpretation has been largely abandoned by some modern historians including, among others, Janine Garrisson. [96], One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of social anthropology the religious historian Bruce Lincoln. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. [49], The Politiques, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat. [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . But kill them all! Civil wars across Europe "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. Updates? Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. Orlans, Meaux, Angers, La Charit, Saumur, Gaillac and Troyes. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition [6] The Parlement's opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de' Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. . [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? The massacre began in the night of 2324 August 1572, the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. Lord Acton changed his mind on whether the massacre had been premeditated twice, finally concluding that it was not. [3] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[4].
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