match box can be used as a shelf.c. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. Developing schemas for each individual problem, c. Connecting the fortress with the tumor, d. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to aliens arriving to help fight. >> /F8 10 0 R /Name /F3 well-definedd. initial, The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us froma. well-defined; Gestaltd. <> bread and butter, Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. << show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem . a. a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the ________ approach developed by Ronald Finke. operators.d. 3 0 obj b. performance is better for the abstract task. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. low-pressureb. /Encoding 16 0 R How can knowledge of human relations help in the work place. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. b. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. participants in the _____ group had the fastest response time. /Encoding 16 0 R Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device withi, Novel objects before a function was described, Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for pre-inventive objects if theya. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. warmth judgments.d. 7 0 obj After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. A syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. d. incorrectly apply the permission schema. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. Metcalfe and Wiebe - insight in problem solving -task: -insight problem: triangle problem -non insight problem: algebra - warmth judgements - result: insight problems solved suddenly and non insight problems were solved gradually (more linear) Obstacles to problem solving - functional fixedness - candle problem - two string problem b. how useful a reasoning process is. The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. exemplar; source. c. It is the cornerstone of creativity. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. b. ability to work well with a group of others. The medium acrobat is on the left of the large a. 17. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n). d. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweightb. The sudden realization of a problem's solution. endobj Introducing Cram Folders! b/t how people solve insight & non-insight problems /Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis/multiply observing people to see how they solve problems in the real world is called ________. /F2 4 0 R Continuing to take the street to the north represents ___________. 18 0 obj I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. Mental Set Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. << /Font << 12 0 obj Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves. /Name /F2 restructuring goal states.c. how similar the objects in the problem are.b. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.a. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. continuity and form. d. object with a specific function. /Type /Font The key to the solution is to overcome functional fixedness. d. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. 13 0 obj /Type /Font All cats are birds. endobj /Name /F6 Experts _____ than novices.a. ______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific charac. The tuna swam away across the pond." the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience.d. Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti- nuclear demonstrations. a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor, b. the Tower or Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.a. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? 15 0 obj d. dependent on how much money the responder was offered. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. /Name /F1 /Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls gradually rise; rise suddenly justc. b/t how people solve insight & non-insight problems. Therefore, the two problems have very differenta. intermediated. mental sets. (This is called a Subduction Zone). means-end analysis.c. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for her family. surface and deep structures.d. the means-end analysis, To reduce the likelihood of design fixation when completing a creative design task, you shoulda. unknotted, Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?a. The purpose of the experiment was to; a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. /Encoding 16 0 R black and pinkd. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT Bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. 1. The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves, Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people. b. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? flexibilityd. pliers are also presented.c. Mutilated checkerboard problemd. In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. 16 0 obj present one sample design throughout the task.d. asked us to determine the length of the segment marked x if the radius of the circle has a length r once we realize that the diagonal i the radius of the circle we can conclude that the length of x equals the length of radius r =, what is important about kohler circle problem, doesn't require mathematical equations the solution is obtained by first receiving the object and then representing it in a different way, process of changing the problems representation, sudden realization of a problems solution aha experience, did an experiment to distinguish between insight and non insight problems =, particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution, gave participants insight problems and non insight problems and asked to make warmth judgments every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems hot is 7 indicating they believes they were getting close to the solution =, insight or nonishgt problem and time before solution, for isngith problems warmth reaimned low at or 3 just before the problem is solved and for algebra problems ratings gradually increased until problem was solved - insight occurs suddenly, illustrates how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving =, solution to dunkers 1945 candle problem =, when person realizes the matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container, group presented with boxes full frounf task more difficult than group with empty boxes, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions =, participants given 3 jugs to measure out specify quantity of water =. Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Ali's use of the cartons represents Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses parade every New Year's Day. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Developing schemas for each i, Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.a. event-specific knowledge. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. /Type /Font the need to overcome a difficult obstacle with no obvious solution available. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving. /Type /Font Dr. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as. a. performance is better for the concrete task. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. /F3 5 0 R A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. search. In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem has higher difficulty than the ________ problem. 22 . exemplard. /BaseFont /Courier-BoldOblique >> d. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _______ state. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. b. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. /Name /F10 b. Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem bc: ill-defined problems are so named bc it is difficult to specify ______ for the problems. lightbulbb. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal, c. Has one and only correct or possible answer. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. /egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of: In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition. c. experimental groups and control groups. versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? Participants in the____ group had the fastest response time. /Subtype /Type1 Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? Participants are given a chair and pliers. This research is an example of ____ research.a. This particular discussion suggests that____ may be more important than ____ in creative thinking. Metcalfe and Wiebe Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) _______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. a. spend less time analyzing problems, b. are better at reasoning in general, c. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems, d. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field, Take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem. Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? structural features.d. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. representation and restructuring.d. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involvesa. a preconceived notion about how to do something, This problem involves the use of equations and, starting at problem 8, doesn't require the typical equation. a. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. The students were very creative. << a.the solution is immediately obvious. xZMsFWLU F'VNkF0@u pQ$~q~G"YD[1?WN|0Rh4S"1ft;/y:hp8IxzrHt*TMH%|N8QeZ2)7hgBEeg]._8k/Eb:ow_;!LLsWkYJGt1k(Xr o+@h~;Lc1I-#]?}Q:. the elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: The typical purpose of subgoals is to ___, bring the problem solver closer to the goal state, The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine, what information a person is attending to while solving a problem, using the solution of one problem in order to solve another problem is called, The solution to the Russian Marriage problem can be applied to solving the _____ problem, Dunker's radiation problem involved the destruction of a, The restructured radiation problem is solved by dividing the _____ into many, When solving analogous source problems, most people don't make the connection between the _______ story and the target problem, Analogical problem solving requires people to __________ a relationship between a source story and a target story, Correspondence between a source sorry and a target story is called, The underlying principle that governs the solution process of analogical transfer is called, People can discover the similar structural features between two problems using a learned technique called. An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. c. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. insufficient-intensi, Gentner and coworkers' studies show that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems.a. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a: Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. experimental groups and control groups.d. insightc. restructuring initial states.b. targetc. /Subtype /Type1 By doing this, Dr. to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. /BaseFont /Courier-Oblique To learn more about insight and non-insight problems here, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . /Encoding 16 0 R Describe some strategies that help you solve problems and make decisions based on your reading assignment. think-aloud p, The text's discussion of the research on in-vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.a. b. being able to solve other problems at all. 37. Wally and Sharon are out on a date. Goal is to tie two strings together which are too far apart to be reached. << Insight refers toa. That light bulb going off can possibly be due to insight. /Resources /Encoding 16 0 R structural; diminishd. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. colorc. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.b. It has a large number of potential solutions. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known asa. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. c. had been preselected as "creative" individuals. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. Curious is studying the effect of _____, In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem has higher difficulty than the _____ problem.a. The purpose of this experiment was to. c. performance is the same for both tasks. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time. They got to make up sentences tha Analogies are sometimes explored and developed at some length, for purposes of problem-solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. a. the representativeness heuristic. Some were measures of a kind of interpretive problem called "divergent thinking," or the capacity to concoct many responses to a problem. a person is attending to while solving a problem. >> The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involvinga. source; targetb. /Type /Catalog b. gradually rise; rise suddenly just, c. rise suddenly just; gradually rise, d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably, 6. Please sign in to share these flashcards. c. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. Classify the triangle as acute, right, or obtuse. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. How will Janet retrieve the book? endobj c. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. Cassandra has five chapters to red for her upcoming midterm, and she finds the thought of sitting down and reading hundreds of pages at once overwhelming. insight.d. endobj Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC ] rise suddenly just; gradually r. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)a. novel object.b. She decides to use the breaks in between her classes to read and take notes from 15 pages at a time to make the task seem more manageable. /BaseFont /Times-Bold The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the, Mia has lived in New York City all her life. Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of t, Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. << /Name /F7 of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. creative cognition.c. metcalfe and wiebe 1987 hypothesis of metcalfe and wiebe 1987 = particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? intermediate states.b. Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is . The purpose of this experiment was to. design fixation.b. /Differences [ 128/.notdef/quoteleft/quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/emdash/bullet/.notdef /Type /Font Give Me Liberty! seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.b. a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. Newell & Simon, early computer program designers for problem solving. problems that have a clear identifiable solution. analogical transfer.c. 30. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. how will she retrieve it? Once they created an object they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. endobj Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_____ reasoning. was whether warmth ratings would predict problem solving dierently depending on whether the problems were multistep problems/puzzles (e.g., the Tower of Hanoi task), or vignette descriptions previously demonstrated to give rise to insight solutions (e.g., the "water lilies problem"). illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if: which problem provides example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of problem?
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